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Year 1- Principles of Disease (FOM) > Acute Inflammation Revised > Flashcards

Acute Inflammation Revised Flashcards

1
Q

What is acute inflammation?

A

Protective responses to injury caused to tissue

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2
Q

Name the five cardinal signs of infection.

A

Rubor
Calor
Tumor
Dalor
Loss of function

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3
Q

Rubor=?

A

Redness

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4
Q

Calor=?

A

Heat

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5
Q

Tumor=?

A

Swelling

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6
Q

Dalor=?

A

Pain

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7
Q

List some of the microorganisms which cause acute inflammation.

A

Viruses
Bacteria
Fungi
Parasites

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8
Q

List some of the mechanical causes of acute inflammation.

A

Trauma
Surgery

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9
Q

Name some of the extreme conditions which can cause acute inflammation.

A

Frost bite
Sun burn
Ionising radiation

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10
Q

How can bile or urine cause acute inflammation?

A

If they are in an area of the body that they shouldn’t be

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11
Q

How can necrosis cause acute inflammation?

A

Dead tissue irritates other adjacent cells

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12
Q

Where does acute inflammation take place?

A

Microcirculation

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13
Q

Describe the components of the microcirculation.

A

Capillary beds which are fed by arterioles and drained by venules

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14
Q

What maintains the dynamic balance of the microcirculation?

A

Hydrostatic pressure
Colloid Osmotic pressure

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15
Q

Describe the response time of the microcirculation.

A

Very fast

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16
Q

What happens to blood flow if there is an increased radius of vessels?

A

Increased blood flow

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17
Q

What physical changes occur with an increase in vessel diamter?

A

Redness and heat produced

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18
Q

Which process takes place in response to increased permeability?

A

Exudation

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19
Q

?What happens in exudation?

A

Exudate is leaked

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20
Q

Describe the contents of exudate

A

High in protein
Plasma
Fibrinogen
Immunoglobulin

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21
Q

What can exudate cause?

A

Oedema

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22
Q

What happens to blood when there is fluid loss?

A

Increased viscosity

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23
Q

What happens to blood with increased permability?

A

Viscosity increases and rate of flow decreases

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24
Q

What is meant by margination of neutrophils?

A

Neutrophils move to endothelial aspect of lumen

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25
Q

What is meant by pavementing of neutrophils?

A

Neutrophils adhere to endothelium

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26
Q

What is meant by migration of neutrophils?

A

Neutrophils move in between endothelial cells

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27
Q

Which of the three is an active process:
Margination
Pavementing
Migration

A

Migration

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28
Q

What are some of the benefits of acute inflammation?

A

Quick response
Neutrophils destroy antigens

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29
Q

Name the four possible outcomes for acute inflammation.

A

Resolution
Suppuration
Organisation
Chronic inflammation

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30
Q

Describe what neutrophils do.

A

Recognise antigens and move towards it.
Attach to antigen.
Release granule contents and destroy antigen

31
Q

What is in the granule contents of a neutrophil?

A

Oxidants and enzymes

32
Q

What happens to the neutrophil after releasing their content?

A

Neutrophil dies

33
Q

What can neutrophils produce?

A

Pus

34
Q

What can pus do?

A

Spread inflammation

35
Q

What is fibrinogen?

A

Coagulation factor

36
Q

What does fibrinogen do?

A

Forms fibrin and clots exudate
Localises inflammatory process

37
Q

What can mediators cause?

A

Vasodilatation
Increased permeability
Neutrophil adhesion
Chemotaxis
Itch and pain

38
Q

What is the purpose of adhesion molecules on endothelial cells?

A

They help neutrophils to stick

39
Q

Given an example of an adhesion molecule found on endothelial cells.

A

ICAM1

40
Q

What does Pselectin do?

A

Interacts with neutrophil surface
Is an adhesion molecule

41
Q

What can be releases in response to injury by mast cells?

A

Histamine

42
Q

What can histamine do?

A

Causes vasodilatation, increased permeability

43
Q

Which type of receptors does histamine act on?

A

H1 receptors

44
Q

When is 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin)
released?

A

When platelets degranulate in coagulation

45
Q

What can 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin) cause?

A

Vasoconstriction

46
Q

Which cells can produce cytokines or chemokines in response to inflammatory stimuli?

A

Macrophages
Lymphocytes

47
Q

Nitric oxide can be released by cells.
What does it do?

A

Causes smooth muscle relaxation

48
Q

Oxygen free radicals can be released.
What can they do?

A

Amplify the effects of other mediators

49
Q

What releases oxygen free radicals?

A

Neutrophils upon phagocytosis

50
Q

What do blood coagulation pathways do?

A

Clot the fibrinogen in exudate

51
Q

What happens in fibrinolysis?

A

Fibrin is broken down to help maintain the blood supply

52
Q

What happens in a compliment cascade?

A

Active components stimulate increased permeability, chemotaxis, phagocytosis, cell breakdown.
Linked to immune system

53
Q

What is the purpose of neutrophils adhering to cells?

A

Favours and inhibits acute inflammation

54
Q

Pyrexia=?

A

Raised temperature

55
Q

What are some of the immediate systemic effects of inflammation?

A

Pyrexia
Nausea
Vomiting

56
Q

What would you see in blood results of someone with inflammation?

A

Raised WBC count

57
Q

What are some of the longer term effects of acute inflammation?

A

Enlarged lymph nodes
Anaemia
Weight loss

58
Q

What happens in supuration?

A

Pus formation

59
Q

What surrounds pus?

A

Pyogenic membrane to block it off

60
Q

What is in pus?

A

Dead tissue, organisms, exudate, neutrophils, fibrin, red cells, debris

61
Q

What is the name given to a collection of pus under pressure?

A

Abscess

62
Q

What is a multiloculated abscess?

A

When pus breaks through pyogenic membrane

63
Q

What tissue is present in organisation?

A

Granulation tissue

64
Q

What does organisation lead to?

A

Fibrosis and formation of a scar

65
Q

What is granulation tissue made of?

A

New capillaries
Fibroblasts and collagen
Macrophages

66
Q

What is dissemination?

A

Spread of inflammation/infection to the bloodstream.

67
Q

Bacteraemia=?

A

Bacteria in blood

68
Q

Septicaemia=?

A

Growth of bacteria in blood

69
Q

Toxaemia =?

A

Toxic products in blood

70
Q

What are some of the systemic effects of infection?

A

Shock
Tachycardia
Hypotension
Pyrexia (fever)

71
Q

What is released in response to septic shock?

A

Bacterial endotoxin interleukin-1

72
Q

How does interleukin-1 cause a fever?

A

Acts on the hypothalamus

73
Q

What can reduced perfusion of tissues lead to?

A

Tissue hypoxia
Loss of cell tissue and organ function

74
Q

What are some of the outcomes of septic shock?

A

Tissue hypoxia/ cell death
Haemorrhage

Year 1- Principles of Disease (FOM) (40 decks)

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