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Year 1- Principles of Disease (FOM) > Acute Inflammation Revised > Flashcards

Acute Inflammation Revised Flashcards

1
Q

What is acute inflammation?

A

Protective responses to injury caused to tissue

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2
Q

Name the five cardinal signs of infection.

A

Rubor
Calor
Tumor
Dalor
Loss of function

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3
Q

Rubor=?

A

Redness

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4
Q

Calor=?

A

Heat

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5
Q

Tumor=?

A

Swelling

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6
Q

Dalor=?

A

Pain

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7
Q

List some of the microorganisms which cause acute inflammation.

A

Viruses
Bacteria
Fungi
Parasites

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8
Q

List some of the mechanical causes of acute inflammation.

A

Trauma
Surgery

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9
Q

Name some of the extreme conditions which can cause acute inflammation.

A

Frost bite
Sun burn
Ionising radiation

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10
Q

How can bile or urine cause acute inflammation?

A

If they are in an area of the body that they shouldn’t be

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11
Q

How can necrosis cause acute inflammation?

A

Dead tissue irritates other adjacent cells

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12
Q

Where does acute inflammation take place?

A

Microcirculation

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13
Q

Describe the components of the microcirculation.

A

Capillary beds which are fed by arterioles and drained by venules

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14
Q

What maintains the dynamic balance of the microcirculation?

A

Hydrostatic pressure
Colloid Osmotic pressure

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15
Q

Describe the response time of the microcirculation.

A

Very fast

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16
Q

What happens to blood flow if there is an increased radius of vessels?

A

Increased blood flow

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17
Q

What physical changes occur with an increase in vessel diamter?

A

Redness and heat produced

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18
Q

Which process takes place in response to increased permeability?

A

Exudation

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19
Q

?What happens in exudation?

A

Exudate is leaked

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20
Q

Describe the contents of exudate

A

High in protein
Plasma
Fibrinogen
Immunoglobulin

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21
Q

What can exudate cause?

A

Oedema

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22
Q

What happens to blood when there is fluid loss?

A

Increased viscosity

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23
Q

What happens to blood with increased permability?

A

Viscosity increases and rate of flow decreases

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24
Q

What is meant by margination of neutrophils?

A

Neutrophils move to endothelial aspect of lumen

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25
What is meant by pavementing of neutrophils?
Neutrophils adhere to endothelium
26
What is meant by migration of neutrophils?
Neutrophils move in between endothelial cells
27
Which of the three is an active process: Margination Pavementing Migration
Migration
28
What are some of the benefits of acute inflammation?
Quick response Neutrophils destroy antigens
29
Name the four possible outcomes for acute inflammation.
Resolution Suppuration Organisation Chronic inflammation
30
Describe what neutrophils do.
Recognise antigens and move towards it. Attach to antigen. Release granule contents and destroy antigen
31
What is in the granule contents of a neutrophil?
Oxidants and enzymes
32
What happens to the neutrophil after releasing their content?
Neutrophil dies
33
What can neutrophils produce?
Pus
34
What can pus do?
Spread inflammation
35
What is fibrinogen?
Coagulation factor
36
What does fibrinogen do?
Forms fibrin and clots exudate Localises inflammatory process
37
What can mediators cause?
Vasodilatation Increased permeability Neutrophil adhesion Chemotaxis Itch and pain
38
What is the purpose of adhesion molecules on endothelial cells?
They help neutrophils to stick
39
Given an example of an adhesion molecule found on endothelial cells.
ICAM1
40
What does Pselectin do?
Interacts with neutrophil surface Is an adhesion molecule
41
What can be releases in response to injury by mast cells?
Histamine
42
What can histamine do?
Causes vasodilatation, increased permeability
43
Which type of receptors does histamine act on?
H1 receptors
44
When is 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin) released?
When platelets degranulate in coagulation
45
What can 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin) cause?
Vasoconstriction
46
Which cells can produce cytokines or chemokines in response to inflammatory stimuli?
Macrophages Lymphocytes
47
Nitric oxide can be released by cells. What does it do?
Causes smooth muscle relaxation
48
Oxygen free radicals can be released. What can they do?
Amplify the effects of other mediators
49
What releases oxygen free radicals?
Neutrophils upon phagocytosis
50
What do blood coagulation pathways do?
Clot the fibrinogen in exudate
51
What happens in fibrinolysis?
Fibrin is broken down to help maintain the blood supply
52
What happens in a compliment cascade?
Active components stimulate increased permeability, chemotaxis, phagocytosis, cell breakdown. Linked to immune system
53
What is the purpose of neutrophils adhering to cells?
Favours and inhibits acute inflammation
54
Pyrexia=?
Raised temperature
55
What are some of the immediate systemic effects of inflammation?
Pyrexia Nausea Vomiting
56
What would you see in blood results of someone with inflammation?
Raised WBC count
57
What are some of the longer term effects of acute inflammation?
Enlarged lymph nodes Anaemia Weight loss
58
What happens in supuration?
Pus formation
59
What surrounds pus?
Pyogenic membrane to block it off
60
What is in pus?
Dead tissue, organisms, exudate, neutrophils, fibrin, red cells, debris
61
What is the name given to a collection of pus under pressure?
Abscess
62
What is a multiloculated abscess?
When pus breaks through pyogenic membrane
63
What tissue is present in organisation?
Granulation tissue
64
What does organisation lead to?
Fibrosis and formation of a scar
65
What is granulation tissue made of?
New capillaries Fibroblasts and collagen Macrophages
66
What is dissemination?
Spread of inflammation/infection to the bloodstream.
67
Bacteraemia=?
Bacteria in blood
68
Septicaemia=?
Growth of bacteria in blood
69
Toxaemia =?
Toxic products in blood
70
What are some of the systemic effects of infection?
Shock Tachycardia Hypotension Pyrexia (fever)
71
What is released in response to septic shock?
Bacterial endotoxin interleukin-1
72
How does interleukin-1 cause a fever?
Acts on the hypothalamus
73
What can reduced perfusion of tissues lead to?
Tissue hypoxia Loss of cell tissue and organ function
74
What are some of the outcomes of septic shock?
Tissue hypoxia/ cell death Haemorrhage

Year 1- Principles of Disease (FOM) (40 decks)

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