What I do not know for my Unit 1 Exam Flashcards
different forms of an element that have the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons
isotopes
carbon 14 and 12 are examples of alternate forms of carbon are
isotopes
any substance that occupies space and has mass
matter
are unique forms of matter with specific chemical and physical properties that cannot be broken down into smaller substances by ordinary chemical reactions. there are 118 but only 92 occur naturally
elements
name the four elements common to all living organisms
oxygen, carbon. hydrogen, and nitrogen
name the two regions and atom is composed of
the nucleus and the outer most region of the atom which holds its electrons in orbit around the nucleus
mostly empty space
atoms
monomer: nucleotide
nucleic acid
polymer: DNA and RNA
nucleic acid
linkage :phosphodiester bond
nucleic acid
function in cell: DNA stores genetic information and RNA is used to make protein
nucleic acid
monomer: amino acid
proteins
polymer: polypeptide/protein
proteins
linkage: peptide `
proteins
consists of one oxygen connected to two hydrogens by polar covalent bonds
describing the structure water step 1
water consists of the one oxygen connected to two hydrogens by polar covalent bonds. These polar covalent lead to the hydrogens of the water molecule being partially positively charged and the oxygen having two regions of partial negative charge.
describing the structure of water step 2
these polar covalent lead to the hydrogens of the water molecule being partially positively charged and the oxygen having two regions of partial negative charge. The partial positive charge of one water molecule can interact with partial negative charge of another water molecule (via hydrogen bonding) and vice versa.
describing the structure of water and how the structure leads to other molecules being classified as hydrophilic and hydrophobic part 3
The partial positive charge of one water molecule can interact with partial negative charge of another water molecule via hydrogen bonding and vice versa. Water molecules make a network of hydrogen bonds.
describing the structure of water and how the structure leads to other molecules being classified as hydrophilic and hydrophobic part 4
Water molecules make a network of hydrogen bonds. Atoms or molecules that are charged or polar can interact either water molecules and are hydrophilic.
describing the structure of water and how the structure leads to other molecules being classified as hydrophilic and hydrophobic part 5
Atoms of molecules that are charged or polar can interact either water molecules and are hydrophilic. Atoms that are uncharged disrupt the hydrogen bonding of water and are hydrophobic.
describing the structure of water and how the structure leads to other molecules being classified as hydrophilic and hydrophobic part 6
Atoms that are uncharged disrupt the hydrogen bonding of water and are hydrophobic. water will push those molecules into a shape that disrupts the fewest hydrogens bonds (minimizing the surface area).
describing the structure of water and how the structure leads to other molecules being classified as hydrophilic and hydrophobic part 7
It is energetically favorable for each water molecule in a solution to be able to make 4 hydrogen bonds. Hydrophilic molecules are charged or polar and will allow water molecules to hydrogen bond with them.
what makes a molecule hydrophilic
Hydrophobic molecules are uncharged and water cannot form a hydrogen bond with them. Water molecules together (to reduce the surface area) to minimize the number of water hydrogen bonds that are broken,
what makes a molecule hydrophobic
The reaction used to join a monomer to another monomer or a growing polymer. The chemical reaction that joins the two units joined together results in the formation of a water molecule.—- different types of monomers can combine in many configurations, giving rise to a diverse group of macromolecules
what are dehydration reactions and why are they important in biology
The reverse of a dehydration reaction. A water molecule is broken down to break the bond between two sub units in a polymer, releasing one monomer. Each macromolecule is broken down by a specific enzyme
what are hydrolysis reactions and why are they important in biology
combines with an hydroxyl group of another monomer releasing a molecule of water
dehydration synthesis
means put together while losing water
dehydration synthesis
catalyzed or sped up
hydrolysis reaction
Because of the network of hydrogens in liquid water, it takes a large amount of heat energy to change to the temperature of water. This moderates the temperature of areas near water, causing it to be cooler during hot periods and warmer during cool periods, which allows living things in or near the water to not have to adapt to extreme tepreature
moderation of temperature in reference to water polarity and cohesion of water molecules makes water the solvent of life
function in the cell; Catalyze chemical reactions (enzymes), structural roles, pores in membranes, many other functions
proteins
Monomer: three fatty acids and a glycerol (for a simple lipid/fat) (
lipids
Linkage: ester linkage
lipids
polymer: simple lipid (fat) ( also includes complex lipids (phospholipids and steroids)
lipids
function in the cell: simple lipid-chemical energy storage, complex lipid is used to make the cell membrane, steroids stabilizes membranes chemical signaling
lipids
function in the cell: chemical energy storage, used to make cell walls
carbohydrates
Linkage: glycosidic bond
carbohydrates
polymer: polysaccharide also diasaccharides, oligosaccharides
carbohydrates
monomer: monosaccharide
carbohydrates
decay that gives off particles and energy. This decay can lead to a change in the number of protons in an atom, which will make a different element.
why radioactive isotopes are unstable isotopes where the nucleus decays spontaneously
The network of hydrogen bonds in water allows water to be drawn upward, such as in the network of plants. The surface tension of water is also caused by hydrogen bonds.
adhesion and cohension of water molecules makes water the solvent of life
interaction with hydrophilic and hydrophobic portions of macromolecules into a particular shape, which allows those macromolecules to have a biological function (examples: phospholipids assemble into membranes due to water, protein structure is also based off of interaction with water)
examples of water polarity and cohesion of water molecules makes water the solvent of life in reference to interactions with hydrophilic and hydrophobic
a way of knowing about the natural world
science
electrons fill up the lowest energy orbits first, single electrons fill up empty orbitals before pairing up
how to determine which orbitals have electrons in them