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biology > Biological Membranes and Cell Division in Eukaryotic Cells > Flashcards

Biological Membranes and Cell Division in Eukaryotic Cells Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards
1
Q

the common feature found in all cells

A

the plasma membrane

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2
Q

what is the plasma membrane composed of

A

a phospholipid bilayer

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3
Q

is embedded with proteins and is referred to as the fluid mosaic model of cell membrane structure

A

phospholipid bilayer

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4
Q

the model of the membrane that shows the membrane is composed of proteins

A

fluid mosaic model

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5
Q

the spaces in between the proteins are filled with

A

phospholipids

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6
Q

The phospholipid consists of these and it points toward the outside environment of the cytoplasm

A

hydrophilic heads

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7
Q

repels the water and points in

A

hydrophobic tails

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8
Q

forms a bilayer that acts like a barrier between the cell and its environment

A

the phospholipids

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9
Q

regulates the entry and exit of specific molecules through the cells

A

the plasma membrane

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10
Q

why is the plasma membrane considered to be selectively-permeable

A

because it allows the passage of some substances but not others

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11
Q

what is the cytoplasm of cells made of

A

75 to 85 % water

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12
Q

most substances entering the cells are

A

dissolved in water

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13
Q

What is water considered

A

the solvent of life

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14
Q

solutes are

A

substances dissolved in water

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15
Q

solvents are

A

a solution consists of solutes dissolved

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16
Q

if the solvent is water, then what is the solution referred to as

A

an aqueous solution

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17
Q

the most common method by which solutes enter the cells by is called

A

diffusion

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18
Q

define diffusion

A

diffusion is the movement of substances from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration.

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19
Q

the movement of substances from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration is known as

A

diffusion

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20
Q

once inside the cell, solutes move by

A

diffusion through the cytoplasm

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21
Q

why doesn’t diffusion require the input of energy

A

because molecules naturally tend to move in this fashion

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22
Q

does not require the input of energy because molecules naturally tend to move in this fashion

A

diffusion

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23
Q

besides diffusion what is another type of movement that occurs across the plasma membrane

A

osmosis

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24
Q

define osmosis

A

the movement of water across a membrane and it occurs from a region of high water concentration to a region of low water concentration

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25
Q

the movement of water across a membrane and it occurs from a region of high water concentration to a region of low water concentration.

A

osmosis

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26
Q

both occur until the cell has reached equilibrium

A

diffusion and osmosis

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27
Q

both occurs until the cell has reached a point at which the substance or water is uniformly distributed throughout the cell

A

both diffusion and osmosis

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28
Q

the point at which the substance or water is uniformly distributed throughout the cell

A

equilibrium

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29
Q

________ is the movement of molecules from high concentration to low concentration. The rate at which _______ occurs is ___________

A

Diffusion, diffusion occurs is influenced by many factors such as weight. The larger a molecule the slower the rate of diffusion

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30
Q

The movement of water across the plasma membrane is called

A

osmosis

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31
Q

the movement of water from a region of high water concentration to a region of low water concentration

A

osmosis

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32
Q

the universal solvent of life since a good majority of substances dissolve in this solvent

A

water

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33
Q

The substance that can dissolve in water is known as the

A

solute

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34
Q

What can freely move across selectively-permeable membranes but some solutes cannot

A

water

35
Q

When the concentration of solute is different on both sides of the cell

A

a concentration gradient is established

36
Q

How is a concentration gradient established

A

a concentration gradient is established when the concentration of solute is different on both sides of the cell

37
Q

what happens if the solutes cannot enter the cell

A

water will move across the membrane by osmosis in order to achieve equilibruim

38
Q

name the three terms used to describe two solution that are separated by a selectively-permeable membrane

A

hypertonic, hypotonic and isotonic

39
Q

solution is a solution that contains a lower concentration of solute than that found in a cell or opposing solution.

A

hypotonic solution

40
Q

a solution that contains a higher concentration of solutes than that found in the cell or opposing solution t

A

hypertonic

41
Q

a solution with equal concentration of solutes in the solution and cell

A

isotonic

42
Q

Includes all of the events in the life of an individual cell, from cell division to the period when a cell is not dividing while it carries out it’s regular functions

A

the cell cycle

43
Q

name the cell cycle

A

Interphase
1. G1 Phase: Cellular organelles begin to duplicate
2. S-Phase: DNA replication (chromosome become doubled).
3. G2 Phase: Cell growth and protein synthesis
Mitotic- Phase: Period of Cell Division
1. Mitosis (or NUclear Division): all the copies of chromosomes, this includes Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, and Telophase
2. Cytokinesis (Cytoplasmic Division)
This includes the formation of a cleavage furrow in animal cells and a partition called a cell plate in plant cells during telophase of a cell division which is the splitting of the cytoplasm

44
Q

period of cell cycle when cell is not dividing

A

interphase

45
Q

cellular organelles begin to duplicate

A

interphase G1 phase

46
Q

DNA replication

A

interphase S-phase

47
Q

chromosome become doubled

A

interphase S-phase DNA replication

48
Q

cell growth and protein synthesis

A

interphase G2 phase

49
Q

period of cell division

A

mitotic-phase

50
Q

nuclear division

A

mitosis

51
Q

includes prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase

A

mitotic phase/ mitosis

52
Q

package shaped

A

prophase

53
Q

centromes migrate

A

prometaphase linke with metaphase

54
Q

cytoplasmic division

A

cytokinesis

55
Q

includes the formation of a clevage furrow in animal cells and a partition called a cell plate in plant cells during telophase of cell division

A

cytokinesis

56
Q

splitting of the cytoplasm

A

cytokinesis

57
Q

a parent or mother cell divides into two identical daughter cells that have the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell

A

mitosis

58
Q

bonds that hold chromosones are broken

A

anaphase

59
Q

can last a long time, has a line in the middle w. microtubles each chromocomes are the duplicate

A

metaphase

60
Q

one dot in the middle

A

interphase

61
Q

a dot with stringy lines in a circle

A

prophase

62
Q

looks like spiders being pulled apart

A

metaphase

63
Q

looks like to spiders bur is actually the seperation of chromosomes

A

anaphase

64
Q

has a line in the middle of two cells that separate. the line is called the cell plate or cleverage furrows

A

telophase

65
Q

are the parts of plants where cell division actively oocurs

A

meristematic regions or meristems

66
Q

tips of young onion roots

A

Allium

67
Q

cells are not actively dividing

A

interphase

68
Q

is in the nucleus and is darkly stain

A

chromatin

69
Q

a term that applies to allof the chromosomes (DNA) collevtively

A

chromatin

70
Q

At this stage the chromosomes are threadlike and are not visible as distinct bodies

A

interphase

71
Q

clearly visible inside the nucleus

A

nucleolus

72
Q

body that is composed of ribosomal RNA

A

nucleolus

73
Q

prior to cell division, two pairs of protein bodies called _____are present in the cytoplasm at one end of the cell

A

centrioles (interphase)

74
Q

not typically present in plant cells

A

centrioles

75
Q

what happens to the DNA by the end of the S phse of interphase

A

its duplicated

76
Q

the nuclear memebrane and nucleolus begin to disintegrate and the chromatin shortens and thickens so that they are visible as distinct rod-shaped called chromosomes

A

prophase

77
Q

rod-shaped bodies

A

chromosomes

78
Q

at this time each chromosome is doubled and consists of two identical sister

A

prophase, chromatids

79
Q

is essentially composed of a greatly coiled DNA molecule and protein

A

chromatid

80
Q

the chromosome become arranged in the central region of the cell know as

A

metaphase, equator

81
Q

what is the formation of the metaphase plate

A

the chromosome become arranged in the central region of the cell know as equator

82
Q

protein threads are called

A

spindle fibers

83
Q

protein threads connect the centromere region of each chromosome with the centrioles at the poles of the cells

A

spindle fiblers

84
Q

What would be the net movement of water, if the cell were placed in a hypotonic solution

A

water would move in the cell

biology (21 decks)

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