Unit 1 Test Study guide Flashcards
Name the two types of scientific inquiry
Discovery-based science and hypothesis-based science
What is science?
Derived from the Latin word scientia meaning to know.
Science is a way of knowing about the natural.
- Describes natural structures and process as accurate as possible through careful observation and analysis of data.
- Data are a collection of recorded observations
- also called descriptive science
- a way of knowing about the natural world
Discovery-based science
- uses the proposing and testing of possible explanations for a natural phenomena
- A hypothesis a possible explanation to a well-phrased (and usually specific) question
- One should be able to make predictions based on the hypothesis
- doing a test to know about the natural world
Hypothesis-based science
An idealized process inquiry
The scientific method
Involves
- making observations of a natural phenomena
- defines a question about the natural phenomena
- proposing a hypothesis to explain that questions (or some portion of the phenomena)
- test the hypothesis
- relate the results to the original phenomena
- share your results with others
The scientific method
Name the process of science
Observation, Hypothesis, Experiment
Observing something in the natural word
The process of science using Observation
Possible explanation for observation
Hypothesis
Testing the hypothesis
Experiment
Name the parts of an experiment
Independent variable, dependent variable, control, confounding variable
Change in the experiment
Independent variable
Look at, at the end of the experiment
Dependent variable
Treatment (additional experiment) to make sure that’s only the dependent variable is affecting the dependent variable
Control
Appears to affect the experiment but doesn’t
Confounding variable
What test the prediction?
The independent variable
What test falsifies or does not falsify the hypothesis
Dependent variable
In practice, may not be followed exactly. Scientist often skip between steps, or move backward when they realize they have made a mistake
The scientific method
Important components of hypothesis testing
Independent and dependent variable, control or controlled variables, extraneous variable, and confounding variable or confounding factor
A factor that is changed in the experiment for example substituting one set of batteries foe another set of batteries
Independent variable
A factor that is observed at the end of the experiment, for example the flashlight turning on or not
Dependent variable
Experiments done to make sure that other variables that could be affecting the dependent variable are not, for example reinserting the same batteries into the flashlight
Controls or controlled variables
A variable that could cause a change in the dependent variable but is uninteresting, for example changing the temperature that you are trying to turn the flashlight on at
Extraneous variable
An extraneous variable that appears to cause a change in the dependent variable, but in reality does not, for example the effect of ice-cream sales on drowning deaths
Confounding variable or confounding factor
Similar to hypothesis but different
Scientific theories
Name the three ways scientific theories differ from hypotheses
- A theory is much broader in scope than a hypothesis
- A theory is general enough to spin off many new, specific hypotheses that can be tested
- A theory is generally supported by a larger body of evidence than a hypothesis
State whether the following is a theory or hypothesis;
Evolutionary adaptations arise by natural selections
Theory that’s broad
Mimicking the coloration of poisonous snakes is an adaptation that protects non-poisonous snakes from predators
Hypothesis that broad
Despite the large body of evidence that support them, sometimes must be modified or rejected when new research methods produce results that don’t fit
Scientific theories
Name the two types of published scientific work
- Primary literature
2. Secondary literature
Literature that is reporting of experimental results by the performed them
Primary literature
Reporting on experimental results based on primary literature or other secondary literature sources
Secondary literature
People who did the experiment andwrite about their results in scientific journals
Primary literature
Everything else…. Newspaper, magazine
Secondary literature
Expert review of article occurs before publication, other experts in the field read and comment on the paper, they double check the experiments and results
Primary literature is Peer-reviewed
Name the parts of primary literature
Abstract, materials and method, results, discussion, introduction
A short summary of the objectives and conclusions of the paper
Abstract
What is known before and justification for the work in the paper
Introduction
Enough detail to replicate the experiment
Methods and materials
An explanation of how the experiments were performed, with enough detail that someone reading the paper could replicate the experiment.
Methods
The details and description of the actual experiments
Results
A section that deals with the broader implications of the experimental results (what they mean and how they fit in with the results of other papers) problems with results, areas of further research
Discussion
What is biology
The scientific study of life
What is life?
Living things share a number of the similar properties
Name the characteristics of living things?
- order
- energy processing
- regulation
- reproduction
- evolutionary adaptation
- growth
- response to the environment
Living things have ordered structures
Order
Living things use chemical energy to do work
Energy processing
Living things are able to respond to changes in the enviroment to maintain their order
Regulation
Living things are able to produce more of their own kind.
Reproduction
Characteristics of living things change over generation in response to the environment
Evolutionary adaptation
Living things inherit genetic information that controls their pattern of growth
Growth and development
Living things are able to detect change in their enviroment and respond to those changes
Response to the enviroment
List the hierarchy of life
- the biosphere
- ecosystems
- communities
- populations
- organisms
- organs and organ system
- tissues
- cells
- organelles
- molecules
- atoms
the total of all the life and no-living materials that compose the environments they inhabit
biosphere
the total of all the life and non-living material in a particular region
ecosystem
all of the populations of different organism in a specific area or different types of organisms that interact with each other
communities
a collection of all the individuals of a species living within the bounds of a specified area or groups of the same organism
populations
individual living things with one or more cells
organisms
a body part that consists of two or more tissues that carries out a particular function or grouping of different types of cells that work together
organs and organ systems
groups of similar cells that share a common function or grouping of the same cell
tissues
the fundamental unit of structure and function of life, organisms generally consist of one or more cells or the basic unit of life
cells
functional compartments that exist within cells or specialized structures inside cells
organelles
a chemical structure consisting of two or more atoms or macromolecules or monomers
molecules
the simplest form of chemical unit or the smallest unit of matter
atoms
takes up space and has mass
matter
light, electricity, notion, and heat
energy
basic unit of life and are composed of protons, neutrons, and electrons
atoms
substances that cannot be broken down into other substances by chemical reaction and only have one type of atom
elements
substances consisting of two or more different elements combined in a fixed ration and have more than one type of atom
compounds
have 1 positive charge, located in the nucleus of the atom, has a mass of approximately 1 Dalton or atomic mass unit (AMU)
proton
has no charge or uncharged particles, located in the nucleus of the atom and has a mass of approximately 1 Dalton or atomic mass unit
neutron
has 1 negative charge, forms a cloud around the nucleus,and are nearly mass-less, have 1/2000 the mass if a protein or neutron
electron
different vary in the number of subatomic particles, all atoms of the same element have the same number of protons in their nucleus
atomic number
is defines as the number of protons in an atom of an element
the number of elections in an uncharged atom will be the sambas the atomic number
atomic number
defines the type of atom and =to # of protons
atomic number
protons and neutrons contribute to the mass of an atom, elections do not also know as atomic weight
atomic mass or mass number
how do you figure out the mass of an atom
add up the number of protons and neutrons
atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons
isotopes
atoms that are the same type (same atomic that have different atomic mass) different # of neutrons.
isotopes
are isotopes that are unstable where the nucleus decays spontaneously
radioactive isotopes
explain why radioactive isotopes are unstable isotopes where the nucleus decays spontaneously
this decay gives off particles and energy. the decay can lead to a change in the of protons in an atom, which will make a different element
any element that is required in minute quantities for physiological functioning.
Trace elements
mostly empty space,
atoms
two approach each other in a chemical reaction, their nuclei so not come close enough to touch and only the electrons are involved in chemical reactions
atoms
electrons are found in different
electron shells
each have a characteristic, average distance, and energy level
electron shells
how many shells can the first electron shell hold
two
how many shells can the second electron shell hold
up to 8
how many shells can the third electron shell hold
up to 8
we can never know the exact position of an electron
electron orbital
no more than 2 electrons can occupy a single orbital
electron orbital
no more than 2 electrons can occupy a single orbital
electron orbital
the second electron shell can contain 8 electrons, the first two electron occupy _______ and the next
the spherical 2s orbital and the next 6 electrons occupy three dumbbells 3p orbitals
if the third shell can contain 8 elections then the first two can occupy ________ and the next ________ what does it look like
the spherical 3s orbital and the next six electrons occupy 3 dumbbell-shaped 3p orbitals and it looks like the sec on shell only, farther away from the nucleus
how do you determine which orbitals have electrons in them?
electrons fill up the lowest energy orbits first, single electrons fill up empty orbitals before pairing up
how do you determine which orbitals have electrons in them?
electrons fill up the lowest energy orbits first, single electrons fill up empty orbitals before pairing up
how is the chemical behavior of an atom determined
In the election distribution of chemical properties the chemical behavior of an atom is determined mostly by the number of electrons in the atoms outermost electron shell
what is the outermost shell of an electron called
valence shell
In relation to the electron distribution of chemical properties atoms with a similar ______ how are they arranged and atoms with a complete valance shell are
number of electrons in their valence shell share similar chemical behaviors these elements are arranged in the same column. Atoms with a completed valance shell are not reactive
weak bonds formed between temporary regions of partial charges in atoms and molecules
hydrogen bonds
A hydrophobic substance is
a nonpolar substance that repels water molecules
The solid form of water
is less dense than the liquid form
a positively-charged ion
will be hydrophobic
a molecule with the chemical C6H12O6 would be classified as a/an
carbohydrate
what type of bond is responsible for holding the two strands of DNA together?
Hydrogen bonding between complimentary base pairs
Which two functional groups are always found on amino acids
A. Amino groups and carboxyl groups B. Phosphate groups and hydroxyl groups C. Methyl groups and aldehyde groups D. Ketone groups and aldehyde groups E. Phosphate groups and sulfhydral groups
a. amino groups and carboxyl groups
Make a significant contribution to the mass of an atom
protons and neutrons
are positively charged
protons only
are negatively charged
electrons only
are not charged
neutrons
are found in the nucleus of the atoms
protons and neutrons
are found in the shells in the orbit ion the nucleus
electrons
changing the number of these particles in an atom changes the identity of the element
protons
- Describe the structure of a water molecule and how that structure leads to other molecules being classified as hydrophilic and hydrophobic. In your description, be sure describe the properties of non-water molecules that cause them to be hydrophobic or hydrophilic.
Water consists of one oxygen connected to two hydrogens by polar covalent bonds. These polar covalent lead to the hydrogens of the water molecule being partially positively charged and the oxygen having two regions of partial negative charge. The partial positive charge of one water molecule can interact with the partial negative charge of another water molecule (via hydrogen bonding) and vice versa. Water molecules make a network of hydrogen bonds. Atoms or molecules that are charged or polar can interact with water molecules and are hydrophilic. Atoms that are uncharged disrupt the hydrogen bonding of water and are hydrophobic. Water will push those molecules into a shape that disrupts the fewest hydrogen bonds (minimizing the surface area).
A particular uncharged atom of nitrogen has an atomic number of 7 and a atomic max of 15: Based on this:
How many protons does this atom of nitrogen have?
How many neutrons does this atom of nitrogen have?
How many electrons are in nitrogen’s first electron shell?
How many electrons are in nitrogen’s second electron shell?
How many electrons are in nitrogen’s third electron shell? How many additional electrons would it take to fill the valence electron shell of nitrogen?
7, 8, 2, 5, 0, 3
- Briefly describe the four basic biological macromolecules (organic molecules). For each type of biological macromolecule, name the monomers, the polymers, the type of bond that links the monomers together in a polymer, and their functions in cells.
Carbohydrate
Monomer: Monosaccharide
Polymer: Polysaccharide (also disaccharides, oligosaccharides)
Linkage: Glycosidic bond
Function in the cell: Chemical energy storage, used to make cell walls
Lipids
Monomer: Three fatty acids and a glycerol (for a simple lipid/fat)
Polymer: Simple lipid (fat) (also includes complex lipids (phospholipids) and steroids)
Linkage: Ester linkage
Function in the cell: Simple lipid-chemical energy storage, complex lipid-used to make cell membranes, steroids-stabilize membranes, chemical signaling
Proteins
Monomer: Amino acid
Polymer: Polypeptide/protein
Linkage: Peptide bond
Function in the cell: Catalyze chemical reactions (enzymes), structural roles, pores in membranes, many other functions
Nucleic acid
Monomer: Nucleotide
Polymer: DNA and RNA
Linkage: Phosphodiester bond
Function in the cell: DNA-stores genetic information, RNA-is used to make protein
- On the cartoon DNA molecule below, label the 5’ end and 3’ end of each strand, label the phosphate-sugar backbone and the base-pairs.
the top left is the 5’ end and the right top is the 3’ the phosphate-sugar back bone is (the blue line) and the base pairs are in the middle and would be the yellow boxes
- Briefly define and describe science and biology.
The word science, derived from the Latin word meaning “to know”, describes an organized way of knowing about the natural world.
Biology is the scientific study of life. It includes the studies of ranging from how atoms and molecules function in organisms to how many different communities of organisms interact with the non-living components of earth to form the biosphere
- Briefly describe the scientific method. Briefly define the following terms: observations, hypothesis, prediction, dependent variable, independent variable, control, and confounding factors.
The scientific method is an idealized process of inquiry into the functioning of the natural world.
• Observations: Data collected with both the natural senses and with instruments.
• Hypothesis: A possible explanation for a scientific question.
• Prediction: Something that must be true if a particular hypothesis is correct.
• Dependent variable: The variable that is observed for change at the end of an experiment.
• Independent variable: The variable that is changed during the experiment.
• Control: Experiments done to make sure that other variables that could be affecting the dependence variable are not
• Confounding variable: An extraneous variable that appears to cause a change in the dependent variable, but in reality does not
- Briefly describe the how scientific research is reported in lay publications (secondary literature) and scientific journals (primarily literature).
Primary literature is written by researchers reporting the results of experiments that they have performed.
Secondary literature written describing the results of primary literature (or describing other secondary literature).
- Briefly describe the following sections of the primary literature: abstract, methods, results, discussion
- Abstract: A short summary of the objectives and conclusions of the paper
- Methods: An explanation of how the experiments were preformed, with enough detail that someone reading the paper could replicate the experiments
- Results: The details of the actual results of the experiments
- Discussion: A section that deals with the broader implications of the experimental results (what they mean and how they fit in with the results of other papers
- List and briefly describe three characteristics of living things.
Any 3 of the following:
• Order
o Living things have ordered structures
• Energy processing
o Living things use chemical energy to do work
• Regulation
o Living thing are able to respond to changes in the environment to maintain their order.
• Reproduction
o Living things are able to produce more of their own kind.
• Evolutionary adaptation
o Characteristics of living things change over generations in response to the environment.
• Growth and development
o Living things inherit genetic information that controls their pattern of growth.
• Response to the environment
o Living things are able to detect changes in their environment and respond to those changes
- Briefly describe the hierarchy of life from atoms to cells.
• Cells
o The fundamental unit of structure and function of life
o Organisms generally consist of one or more cells
• Organelles
o Functional compartments that exist within cells
• Molecules
o A chemical structure consisting of two or more atoms
• Atoms
o The smallest form of an element
- Briefly describe the following components of an atom: protons, neutrons, and electrons. For each particle, describe their charge, and mass.
• Protons o Positively charged o Have a mass of one AMU/Dalton o Located in the nucleus of the atom • Neutrons o Uncharged o Have a mass of one AMU/Dalton o Located in the nucleus of the atom • Electron o Negatively charged o Effectively have no mass (~1/2000 of an AMU/Dalton) o Located in electron shells around the atom
- Describe the structure of an atom. Be sure to include the location of the protons, neutrons, and electrons in the atom.
All of the neutrons and protons of an atom are located in the atomic nucleus. The electrons orbit around the nucleus in one or more electron shells. The majority of the atom is open space.
- Sketch and label an atom of carbon (atomic number: 6, atomic mass: 12), hydrogen (atomic number: 1, atomic mass: 1), oxygen (atomic number: 8, atomic mass: 16), and nitrogen (atomic number: 7, atomic mass: 14) using the electron distribution diagram. In your drawings, be sure to indicate the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus and the number of electrons in each electron shell.
Carbon Number of protons: 6 Number of neutrons: 6 Number of electrons in first shell: 2 Number of electrons in second shell: 4 (one in each orbital)
Hydrogen
Number of protons: 1
Number of neutrons: 0
Number of electrons in first shell: 1
Oxygen Number of protons: 8 Number of neutrons: 8 Number of electrons in first shell: 2 Number of electrons in second shell: 6 (two orbitals contain pairs of electrons, two orbitals contain single electrons)
Nitrogen Number of protons: 7 Number of neutrons: 7 Number of electrons in first shell: 2 Number of electrons in second shell: 5 (one orbital contains a pair of electrons, three orbitals contain single electrons)
- Briefly describe what elements in the same row (horizontal) and what elements in the same column (vertical) of the periodic table have in common
Elements in the same row (horizontal) have the same outer electron shell as their first shell.
Elements in the same column (vertical) on the periodic table all have the same number of electrons in their outer shell (with the exception of Helium, which, while it has a different number of electrons in its outer shell than the other elements in the last column, has a full outer shell like all the other elements in the last row)
- Briefly describe how covalent, ionic and hydrogen bonds are formed and the relative strength of each atomic attraction.
Covalent bonds are strong bonds between two atoms that share a pair of valence electrons.
Ionic bonds are strong attractions between ions (positively or negatively charged atoms).
Hydrogen bonds are weak attractions between the partial charges of molecules with polar covalent bonds.
- Briefly describe the valence shell and why it is important in forming covalent bonds
Valence is the number of covalent bonds an atom can form. The valence is usually equal to the number of electrons required to complete the outermost electron shell. For this reason, the outermost electron shell of an atom is referred to as the valence shell.
- Briefly describe polar covalent bonds and what causes a covalent bond to be polar.
A polar covalent bond is a covalent bond where the electrons are unequally shared between the two atoms. The atom that has the electrons the majority of the time is partially negatively charged, while the atom that has the electrons a smaller amount of the time is partially positively charged.
A difference in electronegativity between the two atoms that are covalently bound causes the bond to be polar. The atom that is more electronegative has the electrons a larger amount of the time than the atom that is less electronegative.
- Briefly describe two ways that the polarity and cohesion of water molecules makes water the solvent of life
Any of the examples discussed in Unit 1.3 would work here. Some examples are:
• Moderation of temperature: Because of the network of hydrogen bonds in liquid water, it takes a large amount of heat energy to change the temperature of water. This moderates the temperature of areas near water, causing it to be cooler during hot periods and warmer during cool periods, which allows living things in or near the water to not have to adapt to extreme changes in temperature.
- Adhesion and cohesion: The network of hydrogen bonds in water allows water to be drawn upward, such as in the networks of plants. The surface tension of water is also caused by hydrogen bonds.
- Interactions with hydrophilic and hydrophobic portions of macromolecules holds the macromolecules into a particular shape, which allows those macromolecules to have a biological function (examples: phospholipids assemble into membranes due to water, protein structure is also based off of interactions with water).
- Briefly describe what makes a molecule hydrophobic or hydrophilic.
It is energetically favorable for each water molecule in a solution to be able to make four hydrogen bonds. Hydrophilic molecules are either charged or polar and will allow water molecules to hydrogen bond with them. Hydrophobic molecules are uncharged and water cannot form a hydrogen bond with them. Water molecules will push the hydrophobic molecules together (to reduce the surface area) to minimize the number of water hydrogen bonds that are broken.
- Briefly describe the four basic biological macromolecules (organic molecules). For each type of biological macromolecule, name the monomers, the polymers, the type of bond that links the monomers together in a polymer, and their functions in cells
Carbohydrate
Monomer: Monosaccharide
Polymer: Polysaccharide (also disaccharides, oligosaccharides)
Linkage: Glycosidic bond
Function in the cell: Chemical energy storage, used to make cell walls
Lipids
Monomer: Three fatty acids and a glycerol (for a simple lipid/fat)
Polymer: Simple lipid (fat) (also includes complex lipids (phospholipids) and steroids)
Linkage: Ester linkage
Function in the cell: Simple lipid-chemical energy storage, complex lipid-used to make cell membranes, steroids-stabilize membranes, chemical signaling
Proteins
Monomer: Amino acid
Polymer: Polypeptide/protein
Linkage: Peptide bond
Function in the cell: Catalyze chemical reactions (enzymes), structural roles, pores in membranes, many other functions
Nucleic acid
Monomer: Nucleotide
Polymer: DNA and RNA
Linkage: Phosphodiester bond
Function in the cell: DNA-stores genetic information, RNA-is used to make protein
- Write the molecular and structural formula of the linear form of glucose.
Molecular formula: C6H12O6
Structural formula:
H
\ =O
C
I
H-C-OH
I
H-C-OH
I
H-C-OH
I
H-C-OH
I
H
GLUCOSE
- What are hydrolysis reactions and dehydration reactions? Why are they important in biology?
Dehydration reaction: The reaction used to join a monomer to another monomer or a growing polymer. The chemical reaction that joins the two units joined together results in the formation of a water molecule.
Hydrolysis reaction: The reverse of a dehydration reaction. A water molecule is broken down to break the bond between two subunits in a polymer, releasing one monomer.
See figure 5.2 for more details
