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Biology > Unit 2.1 Cell structure and function > Flashcards

Unit 2.1 Cell structure and function Flashcards

1
Q

basic unit of life

A

cell

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2
Q

smallest unit of a living thing

A

cell

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3
Q

made of one cell or many cells

A

living things/ organisms

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4
Q

less than one cell

A

not alive

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5
Q

one or ore cells

A

alive

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6
Q

living things

A

organisms

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7
Q

basic building block of all organisms

A

cells

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8
Q

The nucleus stores_______in a gel-like substance called

A

chromatic (DNA plus proteins), nucleoplasm

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9
Q

a condensed region of chromatin where ribosome synthesis occurs

A

the nucleolus

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10
Q

the boundary near the nucleus

A

nuclear envelope

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11
Q

the nucleus consist of

A

two phospholipid bilayer: an outer membrane and inner membrane

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12
Q

continuous with the endoplasmic reticulum

A

the nuclear membrane

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13
Q

allows substance to enter and exit the nucleus

A

nuclear pores

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14
Q

border - phospholipid bilayer

A

plasma membrane

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15
Q

fluid on the inside of the plasma membrane

A

cytoplasm

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16
Q

used to store genetic information

A

DNA

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17
Q

synthesize proteins

A

ribsomes

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18
Q

mobile/tome, smaller, no membrane-bound compartments

A

prokaryotic

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19
Q

mansion, larger, membrane-bound compartment, nucleus

A

eukaryotic

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20
Q

cells share these four components

A

plasma membrane, cytoplasm, DNA, and ribosomes

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21
Q

used by bacteria to attach to a host cell

A

fimbriae

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22
Q

used for locomotion

A

flagella

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23
Q

name the three domain system

A

bacteria, archaea, eukarya

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24
Q

domain that prokaryotic is in

A

bacteria and archea

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25
Q

domain that eukaroytic is in

A

eukaryotic

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26
Q

lands. green algae, forams, ciliates, diatoms belong in what domain

A

eukarya

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27
Q

suffolobus, thermophilles,halophiles belong in what domain

A

archaea

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28
Q

green nonsulfur bacteria, mitochondrion, spirchetes, clamydia belong in what domain

A

bacteria

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29
Q

Name the number of cells, cell walls, gets energy by, some other thing about Kingdom Protisa

A

The Kingdom Protista has only one cell, may or may not have cell wall, some get energy from photosynthesis, some break sown organic molecules resp or fermentation and some do both, they have bad grouping based on relationship

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30
Q

In a Protistain cell you will find

A

flagella, nucleus, nucleolus, vacuole, chloroplast, cell wall

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31
Q

Name the number of cells, cell walls, gets energy by, some other thing about Kingdom Fungi

A

single celled such as yeast, multicellular such as molds and mushrooms, cell walls that are made of chitin, gets energy by breaking down organic molecules, and grows in filaments-hyphae and lots of hypae form a mycelium

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32
Q

Name the number of cells, cell walls, gets energy by, some other thing about Kingdom Plante

A

all are multi-cellular, all have cell walls made of cellulose, all get energy by photosynthesis from light

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33
Q

In a plant cell what would you find

A

they are about 5um and have a cell, cell wall, chloroplast, mitochondrion, nucleus, nucleolus

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34
Q

Name the number of cells, cell walls, gets energy by, some other thing about Kingdom Animalia

A

all are multi-cellular, have no cell walls, gets energy by breaking down organic molecules

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35
Q

eukaryotic cell structure in animals cells and plant cells

A

animal cells centrosomes and plant cells have cell walls, central vacuole, chloroplasts

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36
Q

name the cell components

A

nucleus, contents, border

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37
Q

chamber where cell stores its DNA

A

nucleus

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38
Q

DNA and packaging proteins and other stuff that involves DNA

A

contents of the cell

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39
Q

nuclear membrane, nuclear lamina, protein matrix

A

cells border

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40
Q

name the parts of the nuclear envelope

A

double membrane, nuclear pores, nuclear lamina

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41
Q

has two phospholipid bilayer

A

double membrane

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42
Q

large protein complexes, allows enter and leave the nucleus

A

nuclear pore

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43
Q

mesh of proteins on the inside of the envelope, gives the nucleus structire

A

nuclear lamina

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44
Q

Some evidence of mesh/network of proteins the nucleus

A

Nuclear matrix

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45
Q

Name the contents chromosome

A

DNA, number of DNA molecules, packaging, and histones

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46
Q

Spools for DNA

A

Histones

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47
Q

Each chromosome is one long piece of double-stranded

A

DNA

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48
Q

Each chromosome is

A

DNA

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49
Q

Genetic information is broke up in different chromosome

A

Number of DNA molecules

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50
Q

Diploid

A

Two copies of each chromosome —- number of DNA molecules

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51
Q

23 pairs of chromosomes

A

Packaging

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52
Q

The structure has a dark spot and does not have a membrane

A

The structure of the nucleolus

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53
Q

It is the site of ribosomal RNA synthesis and ribosomes assemble

A

The function of the nucleolus

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54
Q

Where ribosomes are made

A

The nucleolus

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55
Q

Composition is made of RNA and Protein

A

Ribosomes

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56
Q

Linked with amino acids to make protein

A

The function of ribosome

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57
Q

What are the subunits of ribosome?

A

Eurkaryotic - 80s (60S and 40S)

Prokaryotic - 70s (50S and 30S)

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58
Q

Name the two types of ribosome?

A

Free and bound ribosomes

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59
Q

Floats in the cytoplasm and make proteins that float in cytoplasm

A

Free ribosomes

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60
Q

Attached to the nuclear envelope E.R. and make proteins that go somewhere, inserted into membrane, go to some other organelle.

A

Bound ribosome

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61
Q

What is the function of the endomembrane system?

A

Sorting of proteins into different compartments or outside (modification of proteins) of the cell (not cytoplasmic proteins)

62
Q

What are the components of the endomembrane?

A

E.R. (Made some modification), Gogli (sorted pure modification) and other compartments outside the cell

63
Q

Giant network of membrane -continuous with nuclear envelope

A

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) general structure

64
Q

Does not have bound ribosomes

A

The smooth structure of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

65
Q

Simple lipids made here, detoxification

A

The function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

66
Q

Has bound ribosomes

A

The structure of the rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

67
Q

Where membrane proteins are made and no cytoplasmic proteins are made

A

The function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

68
Q

Sorting and modification center for proteins made in the rough E.R.

A

The function of the Golgi apparatus

69
Q

Many membrane parts stacked on top of each other

A

The structure of Gogli apparatus

70
Q

Name two parts of the Golgi apparatus

A

Cis-face and trans-face

71
Q

Receiving face- receives proteins from the E.R

72
Q

Shipping face -> to other parts of the cell

A

Trans-face

73
Q

Small membrane-bound compartment

A

The destination of vesicles

74
Q

Membrane-bound compartment filled with hydrolytic enzymes and with an acidic pH

A

The structure of lysosome

75
Q

Digest or break down molecules

A

The function of lysosomes

76
Q

Phagocytosis

A

Cell eating ( a function of the lysosome)

77
Q

Autophagy

A

Recycling the function of lysosomes

78
Q

Name the three types of vacuoles

A

Food vacuole, contractile vacuoles, central vacuole

79
Q

Compartment containing something to be broke n down with lysosomes

A

Food vacuole

80
Q

Used by freshwater organisms to “bail out” excess water flowing into the cell

A

Contractile vacuoles

81
Q

Found in plant cells, filled with “cell sap”, contains toxins in some types of plants

A

Central vacuole

82
Q

2 membranes, the outer inter membrane space and the inner jocular mitochondrial matrix, has its own DNA and ribosomes (705)- similar

A

The structure of the mitochondria

83
Q

Cellular respiration is the function of

A

The function of mitochondria

84
Q

Has three membranes, outer membrane - I - inter membrane / inner membrane - I stroma (space) /thylakoids space

A

The structure of the chloroplast

85
Q

The function of chloroplast

A

The site of photosynthesis

86
Q

The cytoskeleton consist of

A

Microtubules, microfilaments, intermediate filaments

87
Q

Thickest fibers made of protein called tubulin

A

Microtubules

88
Q

The thinnest fibers made of a protein called actin

A

Microfilaments

89
Q

There are several different types of these

A

Intermediate filaments

90
Q

What are the roles of microtubules

A

Centrioles/centrosome, movement of vesicles, cilia and flagella, movement of chromosome

91
Q

Always at a 90 degree angle from each other

A

Centrioles

92
Q

Two centrioles

A

Centrosome

93
Q

Made of microtubules and all microtubules around the centrosome

A

Centrioles and centrosome

94
Q

Motor proteins walk along the microtubules and bring vesicles to specific planes

A

Movement of vesicles

95
Q

Movement caused by microtubules sliding against each other

A

Cilia and flagella

96
Q

Maintenance of cell shape, changes in cell shape, muscle contraction, cytoplasmic streaming, cell motility, and cell division

A

Main functions of the microfilaments

97
Q

Two structures that intertwined stands actin

A

Microfilaments and actin filaments

98
Q

What are the roles of microfilaments

A

Membrane shape, amoeboid movement, cytoplasmic streaming, muscle contraction, cytokinesis

99
Q

Holds the membrane in specific shape

A

Membrane shale role of microfilaments

100
Q

The cell flows toward a region where the microfilaments have depolarized

A

Amoeboid movement the role of the microfilaments

101
Q

Name the three domains of life and briefly describe the characteristics of the organisms in that domain?

A

Eukarya: includes all eukaryotic cells (cells that have a nucleus and internal membrane bound compartments)
Archea: includes prokaryotic cells that lack peptidoglycan in their cell walls. Members of the domain Archea are more closely related to members of the domain Eukarya than they do members of domain bacteria
Bacteria: includes prokaryotic that have peptidoglycan in their cells

102
Q

rigid cell covering made of cellulose that protects the cell, provides support, and gives shape to the cell

103
Q

large plant cell organelle that regulates the cell’s storage compartment, hold water, and plays a significant role in cell growth as the sire of macromolecule degradation

A

central vacuole

104
Q

region in animal cells made two centroles

A

centrosome

105
Q

Material composed of polysaccharide chains cross - linked to usual peptides

A

Peptidoglycan

106
Q

Name the six kingdoms of life

A

1) Kingdom Archeabacteria, 2) Kingdom Eubacteria, 3) Kingdom Protista, 4) Kingdom Fungi, 5) Kingdom Plantae, 6) Kingdom Animalia

107
Q

For each of the six kingdoms name the domain that they are in

A

1) . Kingdom Archaebacteria –Domain: Archaea
2) . Kingdom eubacteria —Domain: Eubacteria
3) . Kingdom Protista – Domain: Eukarya
4) . Kingdom Fungi– Domain: Eukarya
5) . Kingdom Plantae – Domain: Eukarya
6) . Kingdom Animalia –Domain: Eukarya

108
Q

For each of the six kingdoms, name the domain, briefly describe the kingdom and give an example of an organism included in kingdom

A

1) . Kingdom Archaebacteria, domain archaea, includes all members of domain Archaea, an example is methanobacterium or haloquadratum
2) . Kingdom Eubacteria, domain is eubacteria, includes all members of domain bacteria, for example streptococcus, escherichia coli, staphylococcus
3) . Kingdom Protistia, domain Eukarya, includes single-celled eukaryotic cells that don’t fit into this category, for example amoeba, paramecium, euglena
4) . Kingdom Fungi, domain Eukarya, includes single-or multi-cellular eukaryotic cells that have cell walls made of chitin, for example yeasT, mold, mushrooms
5) . Kingdom Plantae, domain Eukarya, these are multicellular eukaryotes that have cell walls made of cellulose and are capable of photosynthesis for example, trees, grass, flowering plants
6) . Kingdom Animalia, domain Eukarya, these include eukaryotes that can’t get their energy from photosynthesis, for example, sponges, worms, insects, vertebrates

109
Q

Includes all members of domain Archaea

A

Kingdom Archaebacteria

110
Q

Includes all members of domain bacteria

A

Kingdom eubacteria

111
Q

Single-celled eukaryotic cells that don’t fit in any other category

A

Kingdom Protistia

112
Q

Single-or multicellular eukaryotic cells that have cells walls made of chitin

A

Kingdom Fungi

113
Q

Multi-cellular eukaryotes that have cell walls made of cellulose and are capable of photosynthesis

A

Kingdom Plantae

114
Q

Multi-cellular that can’t get their energy from photosynthesis

A

Kingdom Animalia

115
Q

Briefly describe the characteristics that differentiate prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

A

Eukaryotic cells: have internal membrane-compartments, have a nucleus, have 80S (large) ribosomes
Prokaryotic cells: have NO internal membrane-bound compartments, have no nucleus, 70S (small) ribosomes.

116
Q

Briefly describe the structure and function of the plasma membrane

A

A bilayer of phospholipids that also contains proteins and carbohydrates. Serves to separate the inside of the cell from the outside of the cell.

117
Q

A bilayer of phospholipids that also contains proteins and carbohydrates. Serves to separate the inside of the cell from the outside of the cell.

A

The structure and function of the plasma membrane

118
Q

A thick layer of cellulose. Protects the cell

A

the structure and function of the Cell wall (of plants)

119
Q

Briefly describe the structure and function of the plants cell wall

A

A thick layer of cellulose. Protects the cell

120
Q

Briefly describe the structure and function of the nucleus

A

A compartment where the cell’s DNA is stored.

121
Q

A compartment where the cell’s DNA is stored.

122
Q

Briefly describe the function and structure of the nuclear envelope.

A

A double lipid membrane that separates the inside of the nucleus from the cytoplasm. There are large pore proteins that allow molecules to pass from the inside of the nucleus to the outside of the nucleus. The outer layer of the envelope is connected to the ER.

123
Q

A double lipid membrane that separates the inside of the nucleus from the cytoplasm. There are large pore proteins that allow molecules to pass from the inside of the nucleus to the outside of the nucleus. The outer layer of the envelope is connected to the ER.

A

The structure and function of the nuclear envelope

124
Q

Briefly describe the function and structure of chromatin

A

A structure that consists of molecules of DNA (chromosomes) which is wrapped around proteins (histones). Chromatin can have varying levels of compression.

125
Q

A structure that consists of molecules of DNA (chromosomes) which is wrapped around proteins (histones). Chromatin can have varying levels of compression.

A

The structure and function of chromatin

126
Q

Briefly describe the function and structure of the nucleolus

A

A region of the nucleus (not membrane bound) where ribosomal RNA is synthesized

127
Q

A region of the nucleus (not membrane bound) where ribosomal RNA is synthesized

A

the structure and function of the nucleolus

128
Q

Briefly describe the function and structure of ribosomes free and bound

A

ribosomes are complexes of protein and ribosomal RNA. They consist of a large and a small subunit, They are responsible for the synthesis of protein from amino acids. Free ribosomes are floating in the cytoplasm and synthesize cytoplasmic proteins. Bound ribosomes are bound to the rough ER and are responsible for synthesizing proteins that are embedded in membranes or are inserted into the lumen of the ER and are destined for transport to other organelles or out of the cell

129
Q

ribosomes are complexes of protein and ribosomal RNA. They consist of a large and a small subunit, They are responsible for the synthesis of protein from amino acids. Free ribosomes are floating in the cytoplasm and synthesize cytoplasmic proteins. Bound ribosomes are bound to the rough ER and are responsible for synthesizing proteins that are embedded in membranes or are inserted into the lumen of the ER and are destined for transport to other organelles or out of the cell

A

the structure and function of ribosomes free and bound

130
Q

Briefly describe the function and structure of smooth endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

A

The ER is a large membrane network that stretches throughout the cell. The interior of the ER is called the lumen, the exterior is the cytoplasm. The smooth ER lack bound ribosomes and is responsible for breaking down toxins and synthesizing lipids in some cells

131
Q

The ER is a large membrane network that stretches throughout the cell. The interior of the ER is called the lumen, the exterior is the cytoplasm. The smooth ER lack bound ribosomes and is responsible for breaking down toxins and synthesizing lipids in some cells

A

The structure and function of smooth endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

132
Q

Briefly describe the structure and function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

A

The ER is a large membrane network that stretches throughout the cell. The interior of the ER is called the lumen, the exterior is the cytoplasm. The rough ER has bound ribosomes and is the site where the synthesis of proteins that are embedded in membranes or are inserted into the lumen of the ER and are destined for transport to other organelles or out of the cell occurs.

133
Q

has bound ribosomes and is the site where the synthesis of proteins that are embedded in membranes or are inserted into the lumen

A

the rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

134
Q

are destined for transport to other organelles or out of the cell occurs.

A

the rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

135
Q

lack bound ribosomes and is responsible for breaking down toxins and synthesizing lipids in some cells

A

the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

136
Q

Briefly describe the structure and function of the Golgi apparatus

A

a stack of membrane compartments. Has a cis-face and a trans-face. Acts as the shipping and receiving department of the cell. Vesicles are received in the cis-face, their contents sorted in the stacks, and new vesicles are sent out from the trans-face to other compartments, or out of, the cell

137
Q

Has a cis-face and a trans-face

A

Golgi apparatus

138
Q

Acts as the shipping and receiving department of the cell

A

Golgi apparatus

139
Q

. Vesicles are received in the cis-face, their contents sorted in the stacks, and new vesicles are sent out from the trans-face to other compartments, or out of, the cell

A

Golgi apparatus

140
Q

a stack of membrane compartments. Has a cis-face and a trans-face. Acts as the shipping and receiving department of the cell. Vesicles are received in the cis-face, their contents sorted in the stacks, and new vesicles are sent out from the trans-face to other compartments, or out of, the cell

A

the structure and function of the Golgi apparatus

141
Q

Vacuoles that contain digestive enzymes and an acidic pH. Merge with food vacuoles to digest them or with other vacuoles to recycle cell components (autophagy).

142
Q

Briefly describe lysosomes and their structure and function

A

Vacuoles that contain digestive enzymes and an acidic pH. Merge with food vacuoles to digest them or with other vacuoles to recycle cell components (autophagy)

143
Q

Membrane bound compartments that have various uses in the cell. Plant cells have a large central vacuole that animal cells lack

144
Q

sorting of proteins into different compartments or outside of the cell, not cytoplasmic proteins, modification of proteins

A

function of the endomembrane system

145
Q

E.R. (made)/ some modifications
Golgi ( sorted)/ more modification
other compartments outside the cell

A

components of the endomembrane system

146
Q

Holds the membrane in specific shapes

A

Membrane shapes

147
Q

The cell flows toward a region where microfilaments have depolymerized

A

Amoeboid movement

148
Q

Found in plants, circulation in the cytoplasm and organelle around central vacuole

A

Cytoplasmic streaming

149
Q

Motor protein

150
Q

Myosin (motor protein) walking along actin (microfilaments) causes muscle contraction

A

Muscle contraction

151
Q

In animal cells- ring of sliding microfilaments causes the cleavage furrow to contract

A

Cytokinesis

152
Q

Composes nuclear lamina, gives nucleus structure

Biology (21 decks)

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