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Biology > Metabolism update > Flashcards

Metabolism update Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Is defined as the total of the chemical reactions of an organism

A

metabolism

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2
Q

arises from the interactions between molecules within the orderly environment of the cell

A

metabolism

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3
Q

is a series of linked chemical reactions

A

metabolic pathways

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4
Q

metabolic pathways begin with

A

a specific molecule, which is altered in a series of defined resulting in a certain product

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5
Q

each step of a metabolic pathway is

A

catalyzed by a specific enzyme

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6
Q

a protein that is able to catalyze chemical reactions

A

enzyme

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7
Q

speeds up a chemical retain by lowering activation energy of that reaction

A

catalyst

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8
Q

the amount of energy needed to transform the substrate into a transition state

A

activation energy

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9
Q

the molecule that the enzyme is acting upon

A

substrate

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10
Q

the substrate binds to a

A

specific region of the enzyme called an active site to form the enzyme-substrate complex

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11
Q

the loss of one or more electron from one substance

A

oxidation

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12
Q

the gain of one more electron from by a substance

A

reduction

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13
Q

oxidation can involve the loss of one or more Hydrogen atoms

A

oxidation reaction

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14
Q

in cellular process, oxidation of a molecule often produces energy

A

oxidation reaction

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15
Q

this reaction can involve the gain of one or more Hydrogen atoms

A

reduction actions

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16
Q

in cellular process, _____ of a molecule often uses energy

A

reduction action

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17
Q

write a balanced reaction for oxidative respiration starting with glucose

A

C6H12O6 + 6O2 (+ 6H2O) -> 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy (36-38 ATP) (+ 6H2O)

18
Q

briefly describe the role of ATP in the cell

A

ATp acts as a source of chemical energy for the cell. Breaking the bonds between the phosphates in ATP releases energy, which can be transferred to chemical reactions that require energy. This converts AtP + Pi (Pi is an inorganic phosphate)

19
Q

Briefly describe the role of NAD+/NADH in the cell. What is the important difference between NAD+ AND NADH?

A

NAD+/NADH acts as an electron carrier in the cell. The oxidized form (lacking 2 electron) is NAD+ while the reduced form (which has 2 extra electrons) is NADH, and NADH can donate 2 electrons to a molecule, oxidizing it to NAD+.

20
Q

For glycolysis, the Kreb cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation, list the molecule(s) that enter and exit each reaction for each glucose that enters glycolysis

A

glycolysis enters, glucose 2ATP, 4ADP+Pi, and 2 NAD+.

GL

21
Q

For glycolysis, list the molecule(s) that enter and exit each reaction for each glucose that enters glycolysis

A
  • glycolysis enters: glucose, 2ATP, 4ADP+Pi, and 2 NAD+.

- Glycolysis exits: 2 Pyruvate, 2 ADP+PI, 2 ATP, AND 2NADH

22
Q

For the Kreb cycle, list the molecule(s) that enter and exit each reaction for each glucose that enters glycolysis

A

Citric acid cycle, TCA cycle- numbers in parenthesis are from conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA
-enters:
2 Acetyl-CoA (From 2 pyruvate), 2ADP+Pi, 6(+2) NAD+ + H+, 2FAD + 4H+
-Exits:
4 (+2) CO2, 2ATP, 6(+2) NADH, 2 FADH2

23
Q

For oxidative phosphorylation, list the molecule(s) that enter and exit each reaction for each glucose that enters glycolysis

A

-enters:
10 NADH, 2 FADH, 32-34 ADP + Pi
-exits:
10 NAD+ + 10 H+, 2 FAD+4 H+, 32-34 ATP

24
Q

How many molecules of ATO are produced in respiration and in fermentation?

A

Respiration: 36 to 38 molecules of ATP
Fermentation: 2 net molecules of ATP

25
Q

palisade mesophyll

A
  • consist of one or more layers of elongated parenchyma cells
  • is usually on the upper part of the leaf
  • located between the upper epidermis and the spongy mesophyll
26
Q

spongy mesophyll

A
  • loosely arrange parenchyma dells
  • lower part of the leaf
  • loosely arranged for gas exchange
  • located between the palisade mesophyll and the lower epidermis
27
Q

Xylem

A

conducts water and dissolved minerals upward from the roots into the shoots
-located in the budge of sheath and is the top layer

28
Q

Phloem

A
  • transports sugars from where they are made to where they are needed
  • located in the bundle sheath on the bottom under the Xylem
29
Q

Cuticle

A
  • the outside of a leaf is covered by waxy coating called cuticle
  • helps prevent water loss
  • located on the top of the leaf
30
Q

Guard cells

A
  • regulate the opening and closing of the stoma

- located in the in the lower dermis and in the cuticle

31
Q

stomata

A
  • opeing in the surface of the leaf
32
Q

stomata

A
  • opening in the surface of the leaf
  • located on in the cuticle on the upper dermis
  • responsible for gas exchange
  • opening is flamed by two guard cells
33
Q

name the structure within the chloroplast

A
  • the outer membrane
  • the inter membrane
  • the inner membrane
    -the thylakoid space
    -the thylakoid
    -the granum
    -the stroma
    picture it can you draw it
34
Q

Write a balance reaction for photosynthesis, starting with CO2 and light energy.

A

6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy (light) (+ 6H2O) -> C6H12O6 + 6O2 (+ 6H2O)

35
Q

Start with photosystem II

A
  1. light
  2. primary receptor
  3. H2O to 1/2 O2 and 2H+
  4. electron transport chain
  5. ATP
36
Q

Start with photosystem II

A
  1. light
  2. primary receptor
  3. H2O to 1/2 O2 and 2H+
  4. electron transport chain
  5. ATP
37
Q

Continue with Photosystem I

A
  1. light
  2. electron transport chain
  3. excited electrons are passed to NADP+ to make NADPH
38
Q

What is the function of the electron transport chain in the photosystem II and I

A

a. electron transport chain between photosystem II and photosystem I uses the energy from the electron pump H+ ions from the stroma into the thylakoid space
b. The H+ gradient is used to power ATP synthase, which makes ATP in the stroma

39
Q

What happen to the products of light reaction in photosystems II and I

A

a. H2O is converted 1/2 O2 and 2 H+
b. NADPH
c. ATP

40
Q

Starting with photosystem II what occurs

A

a. light excites the electron in a chlorophyll molecule
b. electrons passes it’s energy from chlorophyll molecule to chlorophyll molecule until it reaches the P680 are passed in the reaction center
c. the exited electron from P680 are passed to an electron transport chain

Biology (21 decks)

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