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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Name three of Mendel’s laws

A
  1. Law of segregation,
  2. law of independent assortment,
  3. law of dominance
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2
Q

each gamete contains on allele of the two alleles possessed by the organism

A

Law of segregation

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3
Q

when examining multiple character, the traits for each character will assort independently of each other

A

law of independent assortment

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4
Q

when examining tow different alleles, the phenotype of the dominant allele will be displayed in the organism while the phenotype of the recessive organism will not be seen

A

law of dominance

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5
Q

what is the law of segregation

A

each gamete contains one allele of the two alleles posed by an organism

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6
Q

What is the law of independent assortment

A

When examining multiple characters, the traits for each character will assort independently of each other.

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7
Q

What is the law of dominance

A

When examining two different alleles, the phenotype of the dominant allele will be displayed in the organism while the phenotype of the recessive organism will not be seen.

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8
Q

Phenotypically, homozygous dominant and heterozygous organisms appear the same

A

the cross test

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9
Q

to differentiate between those two possibilities.

A

the purpose of the cross test

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10
Q

The dominant phenotype organism is crossed with a recessive phenotype organism

A

the purpose of the cross test

  • If all of the offspring have the dominant phenotype, the unknown parental organism was homozygous for the dominant allele
  • If the offspring are have a 1:1 ratio of dominant to recessive phenotypes, then the unknown parental organism was heterozygous for the dominant allele
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11
Q

Briefly describe the purpose of a test cross.

A

Phenotypically, homozygous dominant and heterozygous organisms appear the same. The purpose of the test cross is to differentiate between those two possibilities.
The dominant phenotype organism is crossed with a recessive phenotype organism
If all of the offspring have the dominant phenotype, the unknown parental organism was homozygous for the dominant allele
If the offspring are have a 1:1 ratio of dominant to recessive phenotypes, then the unknown parental organism was heterozygous for the dominant allele

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12
Q

There are three alleles for ABO blood type

A
  • IA is responsible for making carbohydrate A
  • IB is responsible for making carbohydrate B
  • i does not make any carbohydrate
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13
Q

is responsible for making carbohydrate A

A

IA

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14
Q

is responsible for making carbohydrate B

A

IB

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15
Q

does not make any carbohydrate

A

i

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16
Q

ABO blood type is depended on the assortment of these three alleles.

A

The blood type is based on which carbohydrate(s) a person can make.
People with AB blood type make both carbohydrates (Genotype: IA, IB)
People with A blood type only make A carbohydrate (Genotype IA, IA or IA, i)
People with B blood type only make A carbohydrate (Genotype IB, IB or IB, i)
People with O blood type only make no carbohydrates (Genotype i, i)

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17
Q

People with AB blood type make both carbohydrates

A

Genotype IA, IB

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18
Q

People with A blood type only make A carbohydrate

A

Genotype IA, IA or IA, i

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19
Q

People with B blood type only make A carbohydrate

A

Genotype IB, IB or IB, i

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20
Q

People with O blood type only make no carbohydrates

A

Genotype i, i

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21
Q

The Rh blood system is governed by a pair of genes that assort independently of the ABO gene.

A
  • Rh + individuals are either homozygous for the allele that makes the Rh protein or are heterozygous.
  • Rh – individuals are homozygous for the allele that does not make the Rh protein
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22
Q

3) Briefly describe how the blood type is determined in the ABO and Rh blood system.

A

There are three alleles for ABO blood type
IA is responsible for making carbohydrate A
IB is responsible for making carbohydrate B
i does not make any carbohydrate
ABO blood type is depended on the assortment of these three alleles. The blood type is based on which carbohydrate(s) a person can make.
People with AB blood type make both carbohydrates (Genotype: IA, IB)
People with A blood type only make A carbohydrate (Genotype IA, IA or IA, i)
People with B blood type only make A carbohydrate (Genotype IB, IB or IB, i)
People with O blood type only make no carbohydrates (Genotype i, i)
The Rh blood system is governed by a pair of genes that assort independently of the ABO gene.
Rh + individuals are either homozygous for the allele that makes the Rh protein or are heterozygous.
Rh – individuals are homozygous for the allele that does not make the Rh protein.

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23
Q

4) Briefly describe the basis of sex determination in humans.

A

In humans and other mammals, there are two sex chromosomes, the X and Y chromosomes.
Females have two X chromosomes (XX)
Males have one X and one Y chromosome (XY)

24
Q

Use a Punnett square to determine the ratios of phenotypes and genotypes of the F1 and F2 generations of the following crosses.

• Cross 1:
o Characteristic: Seed color
o Traits:
• Seed color: Yellow (Dominant, Y) and Green (Recessive, y)
o Parental (P) generation: YY crossed with yy

A

Possible gametes produced by parents: Parent 1: Y, Parent 2: y

F1 cross:
Y
y Yy

F1 genotype:  Yy  (100%)
F1 phenotype:  Yellow (100%)

F2 cross:
Possible gametes produced by parents: Parent 1: Y or y, Parent 2: Y or y

Y	y Y	YY	Yy y	Yy	yy

F2 genotype: YY : Yy : yy, 1:2:1
F2 phenotype: Yellow : Green, 3:1

25
Q

In the Punnett square what are thePossible gametes produced by parents: Parent 1: Y, Parent 2: y if the • Cross 1:
o Characteristic: Seed color
o Traits:
• Seed color: Yellow (Dominant, Y) and Green (Recessive, y)
o Parental (P) generation: YY crossed with yy

A

F1 cross:
Y
y Yy

F1 genotype:  Yy  (100%)
F1 phenotype:  Yellow (100%)

F2 cross:

26
Q

Possible gametes produced by parents: Parent 1: Y or y, Parent 2: Y or y if the • Cross 1:
o Characteristic: Seed color
o Traits:
• Seed color: Yellow (Dominant, Y) and Green (Recessive, y)
o Parental (P) generation: YY crossed with yy

A

Y y
Y YY Yy
y Yy yy

F2 genotype: YY : Yy : yy, 1:2:1
F2 phenotype: Yellow : Green, 3:1

27
Q

• Cross 2:
o Characteristic: Seed color and seed shape
o Traits:
• Seed color: Yellow (Dominant, Y) and Green (Recessive, y)
• Seed shape: Round (Dominant, R) and Wrinkled (Recessive, r)
o Parental (P) generation: YYrr crossed with yyRR

A

Possible gametes produced by parents: Parent 1: Yr, Parent 2: yR
F1 cross:
Yr
yR YyRr

F1 genotype:  YyRr  (100%)
F1 phenotype:  Yellow, Round (100%)

F2 cross:
Possible gametes produced by parents: Parent 1: YR, Yr, yR, or yr, Parent 2: YR, Yr, yR, or yr

	YR	Yr	yR	yr
YR	YYRR			YYRr	YyRR	YyRr
Yr 	YYRr	YYrr	YyRr	Yyrr
yR	YyRR	YyRr	yyRR	yyRr
yr	YyRr	Yyrr	yyRr	yyrr

F2 genotype: YYRR (1) : YYRr (2) : YYrr (1) : YyRR (2) : YyRr (4) : Yyrr (2) : yyRR (1) : yyRr (2) : yyrr (1)

F2 phenotype: Yellow, Round (9) : Green , Round (3) : Yellow, Wrinkled (3) : Green, Wrinkled (1)

28
Q

5) List the four stages that could have lead from atoms to the very simple cells

A
  • The abiotic (nonliving) synthesis of small organic molecules, such as amino acids and nucleotides
  • The joining of these small molecules into macromolecules, including proteins and nucleic acids
  • The packaging of the molecules into “protobionts”, droplets with membranes that maintained an internal chemistry different from that of their surroundings
  • The origin of self-replicating molecules that eventually made inheritance possible
29
Q

of small organic molecules, such as amino acids and nucleotides

A

The abiotic (nonliving) synthesis

30
Q

The abiotic (nonliving) synthesis

A

of small organic molecules, such as amino acids and nucleotides

31
Q

The joining

A

of these small molecules into macromolecules, including proteins and nucleic acids

32
Q

of these small molecules into macromolecules, including proteins and nucleic acids

A

The joining

33
Q

The packaging of the molecules into “protobionts

A

droplets with membranes that maintained an internal chemistry different from that of their surroundings

34
Q

droplets with membranes that maintained an internal chemistry different from that of their surroundings

A

The packaging of the molecules into “protobionts

35
Q

molecules that eventually made inheritance possible

A

The origin of self-replicating

36
Q

The origin of self-replicating

A

molecules that eventually made inheritance possible

37
Q

6) Briefly describe the differences between the evolutionary theories of J.B. Lamarck and Charles Darwin

A

Both theories stated that organisms could change over time. Lamarck’s theory was that the offspring of an organism could inherit characteristics acquired over the parent organism’s life.
Darwin’s theory focused on natural selection on inherited traits changing the percentage of particular traits being passed on to the next generation.

38
Q

Briefly describe the role of mutation

A

Mutations, changes in the DNA sequence of an organism, are the source of new alleles in a population. Mutations can be caused by errors in DNA replication or through the influence of external factors

39
Q

Briefly describe the role of selection

A

Selection determines which alleles are passed on to the next generation. Traits that give an organism an advantage will be inherited by a larger percentage of the next generation

40
Q

Briefly describe the role of gene flow in evolution

A

Gene flow is the movment of alleles into and out of a population by movement of fertile individuals. This can cause a change in the percentage of particular alleles in a population without selection.

41
Q

Mutations, changes in the DNA sequence of an organism, are the source of new alleles in a population.

A

Mutations can be caused by errors in DNA replication or through the influence of external factors.

42
Q

Selection determines which alleles are passed on to the next generation

A

Traits that give an organism an advantage will be inherited by a larger percentage of the next generation

43
Q

determines which alleles are passed on to the next generation

A

Selection

44
Q

changes in the DNA sequence of an organism, are the source of new alleles in a population

A

Mutations

45
Q

can be caused by errors in DNA replication or through the influence of external factors.

A

mutations

46
Q

Traits that give an organism an advantage will be inherited by a larger percentage of the next generation

A

selection

47
Q

Gene flow is the movment of alleles into and out of a population by movement of fertile individuals

A

This can cause a change in the percentage of particular alleles in a population without selection.

48
Q

is the movment of alleles into and out of a population by movement of fertile individuals

A

gene flow

49
Q

This can cause a change in the percentage of particular alleles in a population without selection.

A

gene flow

50
Q

8) Define the following terms: Homologous, vestigial

A

• Homologous structures are structures in different organisms that are inherited from a common ancestor.
o These structures do not necessarily have to have the same function
• Vestigial structures are structures that are no longer selected for.
o Vestigial structures may shrink or be lost over generations.

51
Q

Homologous

A

Homologous structures are structures in different organisms that are inherited from a common ancestor.
o These structures do not necessarily have to have the same function

52
Q

vestigial

A

Vestigial structures are structures that are no longer selected for.
o Vestigial structures may shrink or be lost over generations.

53
Q

are structures in different organisms that are inherited from a common ancestor.

A

Homologous

54
Q

These structures do not necessarily have to have the same function

A

Homologous

55
Q

are structures that are no longer selected for

A

Vestigial structures

56
Q

may shrink or be lost over generations

A

Vestigial structures

Biology (21 decks)

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