Unit 1.4 Introduction to organic chemistry Flashcards
any carbon-containing liquid, solid or gas especially important for life
organic molecules
a molecule that’s built around a carbon backbone
organic molecule
any molecule containing carbon except for carbon dioxide
organic molecule
study of carbon compounds
organic chemistry
has unique properties that allow it to form covalent bonds to as many as four different atoms
carbon
has six electrons, with 2 pairs in the first shell and 4 in the outer shell
carbon
in order to fill its valence shell, it needs to share four extra electrons
carbon
serves as the basic structural component or backbone of a macromolecule
carbon
individual _______ atoms have an incomplete outermost election shell
carbon
can form up to 4 covalent bonds with other atoms to satisfy the octet rule
carbon atoms
rule that aims are most stable when they hold 8 electrons in their outmost shell
octet rule
singly-bondedit is tetrahedral
carbon
angles between each bond are roughly 109.5 degrees
carbon
single bonds can generally rotate freely
carbon
what are carbon molecules linked by
a double bond
carbon molecules are flat true or false
true
Carbon atoms involved in what type of bond are able to rotate
Single bond
atoms that are commonly found in organic molecules are
hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and carbon
the outermost shell of the atom
valance shell
how many electron in the valence shell of hydrogen
valence = 1
how many electrons in the valence shell of oxygen
valence = 2
how many electrons in the valence shell of nitrogen
valence = 3
how many electron in the valence shell of carbon
valence = 4
H
hydrogen
O
oxygen
N
nitrogen
C
carbon
CH4
methane
organic molecules consisting entirely of carbon and hydrogen
hydrocarbons
methane and propane are examples of
hydrocarbons
the chemical formula CH4 has 4 hydrogen atoms and forms a single covalent bond with carbon atom by sharing a pair of electrons, which results in a filled outermost shell is an example of
carbon atoms forming up to four covalent bonds with other atoms to satisfy the octet rule
we often use these in our daily lives for fuels
hydrocarbons
although most biological molecules contain atoms besides carbon and hydrogen, many of them have regions that resemble
hydrocarbons
name the variations in carbon skeletons
length, branching, double bonds, and rings
the many covalent bonds between the atoms in ________ store a great amount of energy, which is released when theses molecules are______
hydrocarbons, burned (oxidized)
the simplest hydrocarbon molecule, with a central carbon atom bonded to four different hydrogen atoms
Methane an excellent fuel
the backbone of the large molecules of living things and may exist in a linear carbon chains, carbon rings, or combination of them both
hydrocarbons
H H
I I
H---- C----C----H
I I
H HExample of a hydrocarbon length and ethane’s structural formula
C2H6
ethane molecular formula
H H H
I I I
H--C--C--C--H
I I I
H H HExample of a hydrocarbon length and the structural formula for propane
H H
\ /
C======C
/ \
H HExample of an hydrocarbon length and the structural formula for ethene (ethylene)
C2H4
Molecular formula for ethene (ethylene)
H H H H
I I I I
H--C--C--C--C--H
I I I I
H H H HExample of hydrocarbons branching and the structural formula for Butane
H
I
H----C----H
I
I
H I H
I I I
H-----C---C-----C----H
I I I
H H HExample of hydrocarbon branching and the structural formula for 2-methylpropane commonly called isobutane
H H H H
I I I I
H==C---C---C---C---H
I I
H HExample of hydrocarbons double bonds and the structural formula for 1-Butene
H H H H
I I I I
H--C--C==C--C--H
I I
H HExample of hydrocarbons double bonds and the structural formula for 2-BUTENE
Are formed by successive bonds between carbon atoms and may be branched or unbranched
hydrocarbon chains
when a carbon forms single bonds with other atoms, the shape is
tetrahedral
when 2 carbon atoms for a double bond the shape is
planar or flat
do single bonds rotate
yes
do double bonds rotate
no the atoms are locked in place
consist of linear chains of carbon atoms
aliphatic hydrocarbons
consists of closed rings carbon atoms
aromatic hydrocarbons
these structures are found in carbon double bonds, examples are benzene to include some amino acids and cholesterol and it derivative, hormones includes estrogen and testosterone
rings
beta-carotene is an example of an
hydrocarbon
cyclopentane, cyclohexane, benzeene, and pyridine ware examples of
carbon forming five and six membered rings
