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Lab practical 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Also called steroscopic microscopes

A

Dissecting microscopes

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2
Q

includes both scanning and transmission

A

electron microscopes

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3
Q

also called light microscopes

A

compound microscopes

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4
Q

are used to view the surface of relatively larger specimens at lower power typically no more than 10x,

A

dissecting microscopes

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5
Q

functions like elaborate magnifying glasses and would be used to observe the gross anatomy of a living, preserved, or dissected specimen at greater detail

A

dissecting microscopes

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6
Q

scientific instruments that use a beam of highly energetic electrons to examine objects on a very fine scale (up to several 100,000x

A

electron microscopes

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7
Q

What type of microscope do we use in lab

A

compound microscopes

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8
Q

Describe how the compound microscope works

A

compound microscopes are limited by the physics to 500x or 1000x magnification, it consists of two lenses and associated hardware that make viewing of specimen easier

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9
Q

the lower lens of the compound microscope is called

A

objective lens

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10
Q

the uppermost lens of the compound microscope is called

A

the ocular lens

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11
Q

the part through which the person looks through is

A

the uppermost lens which is the ocular lens

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12
Q

are mounted on a turret, allowing rapid changing

A

the lower lens which are the objective lens

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13
Q

name the power listed on the objective lenses scope

A

4x scanning power, 10x low power, 40x high power

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14
Q

hols the ocular and objective lenses in place

A

the body tube

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15
Q

most microbiological specimens are mounted on glass

A

slides

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16
Q

glass slides with cover slips are placed on

A

the stage

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17
Q

holds the slide firmly on the stage

A

usually clips or clamps

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18
Q

what two objects are located beneath the stage

A

a light source and a condenser lens

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19
Q

why is the compound microscope called light microscope

A

because it has a light source

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20
Q

why must the specimen be sliced thin

A

the specimen must be sliced then enough so that light can pass through the specimen to be viewed

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21
Q

focuses on light through a hole in the stage

A

condenser

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22
Q

what does the condenser include

A

an iris

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23
Q

varies the amount of light passing through a specimen

A

the iris

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24
Q

what happens to the light as it passes through the specimen

A

the goes through the objective and ocular lens and through the eye of the observer

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25
Q

this image is calculated by multiplying the magnification of the ocular by the magnification of the objective

A

the total magnification

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26
Q

what happens to light as it passes through any object (glass, air, specimens, etc.),

A

it bends

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27
Q

the bending of light is called

A

refraction

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28
Q

is a measurement of the extent that the substance bends light

A

the refractive index of a substance

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29
Q

distortion of the image

A

excessive refraction

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30
Q

at magnifications of less than 500x

A

the distortion is minimal

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31
Q

we will not view specimens at any total magnification greater than

A

400x

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32
Q

when magnifications are high what becomes the problem

A

the distortion becomes so great the image details are lost

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33
Q

helps to remedy the distortion problem by eliminating the air gaps between the specimen and the objective lens

A

oil immersion lens

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34
Q

the 4th objective lens is

A

the oil immersion lens

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35
Q

topmost series of lenses through which an object is viewed

A

ocular lens or eyepiece

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36
Q

what is the magnifying power of the ocular lens on your microscope

A

10

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37
Q

holds the nosepiece at one end and eyepiece at the other end; conducts light rays

A

body tube

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38
Q

supports upper parts and provides carrying handle

A

arm

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39
Q

objectives

A

objective lens, scanning, low, and high power

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40
Q

hold 4x lens used to view the whole slide

A

scanning power objective lens

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41
Q

Holds 10x lens used to view objects in greater detail

A

low-power objective

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42
Q

holds 40x lens used to view the objective in even greater detail

A

high- power objective

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43
Q

holds 100x lens and is used in conduction with oil to view objects with the greatest magnification

A

oil immersion objective lens

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44
Q

what lens are you never suppose to use

A

the oil immersion objective lens if your compound/light microscope has one

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45
Q

knob used to bring object into approximate focus; used only with low-power objective

A

coarse-adjustment knob

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46
Q

knob used to bring object into final focus

A

fine-adjustment knob

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47
Q

controls amount of illumination used to view the object

A

diaphragm or diaphragm control lever

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48
Q

an attached lamp that directs a beam of light up through the object

A

light source

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49
Q

the flat surface of the microscope that rests on the table

A

base

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50
Q

holds and supports microscope slides

A

stage

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51
Q

aids in the accurate position of the slide

A

mechanical stage

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52
Q

what structures are present to move the stage

A

the mechanical stage control knobs

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53
Q

should you ever use something other than the mechanical stage control knobs

A

NO, you should never use anything to move the stage it will cause damage to the stage

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54
Q

two knobs that are usually located below the stage. one knob controls forward/reverse and the other controls right/left

A

mechanical stage control knob

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55
Q

what is the first rule for microscope use

A

the lowest power objective should be in position booth at the beginning and end of microscope use

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56
Q

what is the second rule for microscope use

A

use only lens paper for cleaning the lens

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57
Q

what is the third rule for microscope use

A

do not tilt the microscope when viewing a wet mount

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58
Q

what is the fourth rule for microscope use

A

keep the stage clean and dry to prevent rust and corrosion

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59
Q

what is the fifth rule for microscope use

A

do not remove parts of the microscope

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60
Q

what is the sixth rule for microscope use

A

keep the microscope dust-free by covering it after use

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61
Q

what is the 7th rule for microscope use

A

report any malfunctioning when you notice it. This will benefit you and those who use the microscope after you

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62
Q

what is the should you always do before the 1st rule for focusing the microscope

A

always start with lowest power objective lens on you microscope or the scanning lens with the compound microscope

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63
Q

what is the first thing you do after making sure you at the lowest power objective lens when focusing the microscope

A

turn the nosepiece so that the lowest power lens is in straight alinement over the stage

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64
Q

what is the second rule of focusing the microscope

A

alway begin with focusing with lowest power objective

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65
Q

what is the 3rd rule of focusing the microscope

A

with the coarse-adjustment knob, lower the stage until it stops

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66
Q

what is the 4th rule of focusing the microscope

A

place slide on the stage and stabilize it with the clips

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67
Q

that is the 5th rule of focusing the microscope

A

again be sure the lowest power is in place
look grin the side
decrease the distance between the stage and the objective lens until the lens comes to an automatic stop or is no closer than 3mm above the slide

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68
Q

Why would it be a bad idea for the slide and objective lens to come into contact

A

you could break the slide or damage the lens

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69
Q

what is the 6th rule of focusing the microscope

A

while looking in to the eyepiece, rotate the diaphragm lever to give the maximum amount of light

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70
Q

what is the 7th rule of focusing the microscope

A

slowly increase the distance between the stage and the objective lens, using the coarse adjustment knob until the object comes into view or focus

71
Q

what is the 8th rule of focusing the microscope

A

once the object is seen, you may need to adjust the amount of light. to increase or decrease the contrast rotate the diaphragm slightly

72
Q

what is the 9th rule of focusing the microscope

A

use the fine-adjustment know to sharpen the focus if necessary

73
Q

what is the 10th rule of focusing the microscope

A

practice having both eyes open when looking through the eyepiece, as it greatly reduces eyestrain

74
Q

define inversion

A

the act of inverting something or a reversal of the normal

75
Q

define parfocal

A

once the object is in focus with lowest power in our case scanning power, it should be nearly in focus with the higher power

76
Q

How do you go from scanning power to high power

A
  1. bring the object into focus
  2. Make sure that the object is center in the field of the lowest objective
  3. move to the higher objective (lower power 10x) by turning th nosepiece until you hear or feel it click into place
  4. Do not change the focus
  5. if any adjustment is needed use only the fine-adjustment knob
  6. remember always use fine-adjustment for higher powers
  7. repeat steps 2 and 4`
  8. when you finish your observation rotate the nosepiece until the lowest power objective clicks into place
77
Q

How is total magnification calculated

A

by multiplying the magnification of the ocular lens (eyepiece) by the magnification of the objective lens

78
Q

power of objective x power of ocular =

A

total magnification

79
Q

what is the power of ocular

A

10

80
Q

4x10 =

A

scanning 4 x 10 power of ocular = 40

81
Q

10 x 10 =

A

low 10 x 10 power of ocular = 100

82
Q

40 x 10 =

A

high 10 x 10 power of ocular = 400

83
Q

How do properly put up your microscope?

A
  1. Remove any slides on the stage.
  2. Make sure the scanning objective is locked in place.
  3. Returned all slides to the correct slot in the slide tray.
  4. If you made any wet mounts, make sure to clean the slide and cover slip and return them to the tray
  5. If you break any slides or cover slips, throw them away into the trash labeled GLASS ONLY
  6. Center the mechanical stage
  7. Lower the mechanical stage or raise the nosepiece
  8. Turn off the scope (light source)
  9. Wrap and tie the cord using the plastic ties provided with the cord. DON’T WRAP CORD AROUND ANY PART OF THE MICROSCOPE
  10. Place dust cover over microscope
  11. Carry microscope with two hands and by the base. Store with the number that corresponds to the number on the desk
  12. Make sure cord is on the shelf not hanging
  13. Make sure arm is facing out. when do properly the # on the microscope base that correspondss with your station number can be seeen
84
Q

what is biochemistry

A

the study of the chemistry of life

85
Q

all living organisms consists of

A

organic compounds called carbon

86
Q

molecules are made of smaller subunits called

A

monomers

87
Q

what are known as the building blocks

A

monomers

88
Q

monomers or building blocks line together to form

A

larger molecules called polymers

89
Q

name the four class biological molecules are divided into macromolecules

A
  1. lipids which includes fats, waxes, and oils
  2. carbohydrates which are compromised of sugars that form starch and cellulose
  3. Proteins which are composed of amino acids
  4. Nucleic acids which include DNA and RNA
90
Q

includes fasts, oils, steroids, waxes

A

lipids

91
Q

lipids are the main components of the

A

plasma membrane of all living cells

92
Q

the lipids found in plants are

A

oils

93
Q

the lipids found in animals are

A

fats

94
Q

are solids at room tempreature

A

oils are liquids

95
Q

Lipids are _______, ________

A

non-polar, hydrophobic, they do not dissolve in water

96
Q

when doing the lipid experiment using the full pipette of water and the full pipette full of vegetable oil to the same tube. What property of lipids explain the results you obtained

A

non-polar, hydrophobic, because lipids do not dissolve in water

97
Q

is there anyway you can dissolve the oil in water

A

through use of detergent, soap and or dishwashing liquid

98
Q

what is Sudan IV used to identify

A

the presence of a fat or oil

99
Q

Using sudan IV what color was the lipid layer

A

hot pink

100
Q

what color was the water layer

A

cloudy white

101
Q

Sudan IV indicates the presence of what macromolecule

A

lipids

102
Q

What property does Sudan IV have in order to react with this macromolecule?

A

neutral and hydrophobic

103
Q

can be simple sugars or polymers made up of many sugar units

A

carbohydrates

104
Q

carbohydrates are organic molecules

A

made of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen

105
Q

simplest sugars are

A

monosaccharides

106
Q

maonosaccharides are comprised of

A

one sugar unit

107
Q

most common monosaccharide is

A

glucose

108
Q

what is the function of glucose

A

serves as the immediate source of energy

109
Q

the primary form of sugar stored in the human body

A

glucose

110
Q

the main sugar found in most fruits

A

frutose

111
Q

What is the molecular molecule for glucose and fructose

A

C6H12O6

112
Q

how are glucose and fructose different

A

Fructose and glucose have the same molecular formula but differ structurally

113
Q 
CH2OH
          I
    H / C ------------O
     I /   I                   \  H
     C   H                   \ I
     I  \OH             H / C
   OH  I                 I     I
          C  \_\_\_\_\_   C OH
           I                 I
          H               OH
A

GLUCOSE

C6H12O6

114
Q

CH2OH O CH2OH
I
I

A

Frutose

C6H12O6

115
Q

What is the difference between glucose and fructose?

A

different structures or structural formulas

116
Q

how many carbon atoms do glucose and fructose have

A

6

117
Q

What is the molecular formula for glucose

A

C6H12O6

118
Q

What is the molecular formula for fructose?

A

C6H12O6

119
Q

Can be bonded together to form

A

monosaccharides

120
Q

what contains two sugar units linked by a glycosidic bond

A

disaccharides

121
Q

table sugar

A

sucrose

122
Q

in seeds

A

maltose

123
Q

milk sugar

A

lactose

124
Q

is a disaccharide that consists that consists of glucose unit bonded to a fructose unit

A

common table sugar

125
Q

sucrose is made of what two monosaccharides?

A

glucose and fructose

126
Q

what is the molecular formula of sucrose

A

C12 H22 O11

127
Q

what molecule must be lost in order to produce sucrose

A

one molecule of H2O must be lost

128
Q

The joining of two monosaccharides to produce a disaccharide occurs through a

A

dehydration reactions

129
Q

a indicator for monosaccharides

A

Benedict’s solution

130
Q

what is the positive indicator for monosaccharaides

A

orange

131
Q

would you expect to see the same results in the Benedicts solution for sucrose as the sample

A

no because there is a difference in structure and structural formula

132
Q

when using Benedict’s soution for sucrose what color do you observe

A

blue

133
Q

what does the results tell you about Benedict’s solution as an indicator?

A

it allows the you to detect the difference between a monosaccaride and disaccharide

134
Q

If more than two sugar units are joined by a glycosidic bond, the carbohydrate is called a

A

polysaccharide

135
Q

what are some examples of polysaccharides

A

glycogen, starch, and cellulose

136
Q

the polysaccharide found in animals

A

glycogen

137
Q

the polysaccharide found only in plants and cellulose

A

starch

138
Q

is a polysaccharide only in the cell walls of plants

A

starch

139
Q

the principal polysaccharide used by plants to store glucose for later use as energy

A

starch

140
Q

often stores starch in seeds or other specialized organs

A

plants

141
Q

common sources of starch include rice, beans, wheat, corn potatoes etc.

A

plants often store starch in seeds or other specialized organs

142
Q

What happens when humans eat starch

A

an enzyme that occurs in saliva and in the intestines called amylase breaks the bonds via hydrolysis reactions between the repeating glucose units this allowing sugar to be stored into the blood stream.

143
Q

an enzyme that occurs in saliva and in the intestines called amylase breaks the bonds via hydrolysis reactions between the repeating glucose units this allowing sugar to be stored into the blood stream.

A

what happens when humans eat starch

144
Q

the enzyme that occurs in saliva and in the intestines is called

A

amylase

145
Q

the function of the enzyme amylase

A

breaks the bonds via hydrolysis reactions between the repeating glucose units, this allows sugar to be stored into the blood stream

146
Q

what allows sugar to be stored into the bloodstream

A

the enzyme amylase breaks the bonds via hydrolysis reactions between the repeating glucose units

147
Q

What happens once absorbed into the bloodstream

A

the human body distributes glucose to the areas where it is needed for energy or stores it as its own special polymer - glycogen

148
Q

name another polymer of glucose

A

glycogen

149
Q

The polysaccharide used by animals to store energy

A

Glycogen

150
Q

Bonded to together to form glycogen molecules

A

Excess glucose

151
Q

The animals stores in the liver and muscles tissues as an “instant” source of energy

A

Excess glucose is bonded together to form glycogen molecules

152
Q

Both starch and glycogen are

A

Polymers of glucose

153
Q

What structural differences do you observe between starch and sucrose

A

Starch has long chains

154
Q

what monomer units do you observe in starch?

A

glucose

155
Q

the most common test for a polysaccharide is

A

Lugol’s test

156
Q

In the Lugol’s test what color is for the presence of starch

A

blue-black

157
Q

dropping a very small drop of Lugol’s on paper is what color and why

A

brown because lugol’s is an indicator of polusaccaharide which paper is made out of

158
Q

macromolecules with a diverse range of functions

A

proteins

159
Q

proteins exist as

A

enzymes, antibodies, hormones, and transport proteins

160
Q

Proteins are made up of

A

amino acids linked by peptide bonds

161
Q

how many amino acids occur in nature

A

20

162
Q

Proteins are also known as

A

polypeptides

163
Q

H O
+ I II
H3N–C–C-O H3N—-C—-CO O ——> H3N

A

TRY TO REMEMBER THE 1ST IS AN AMINO ACID 1 THE SECOND IS AMINO ACID 2 AND THE THIRD IS A DIPEPTIDE

164
Q

The biuret test is a positive indicator of the number of

A

peptide bonds in proteins

165
Q

In the biuret test what is the color in the presence of proteins

A

pink to purple

166
Q

why are proteins known as polypeptides

A

amino acids are linked by peptide bonds and there are many

167
Q

what color does the bieuret solution turn in the presence of a great number of peptide bonds?

A

violet

168
Q

comprised of DNA and RNA

A

nucleic acids

169
Q

the genetic material of life

A

DNA and RNA

170
Q

adds red coloration to lipids

A

Sudan IV

171
Q

an indicator of the presence of monosaccharides

A

BENEDICT’S SOLUTION

172
Q

an indicator of the presence of polysaccharides

A

lugol’s test

173
Q

an indicator for the presence of polypeptides

A

biuret test

174
Q

common feature found in all cells

A

the plasma membrance

Biology (21 decks)

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