Exam 3 What you should know Flashcards
Involves the gain of electrons
reduction
involves the loss of electrons
oxidized
Can involve the gain of one or more hydrogen atoms
reduction
In cellular proceses, this usually produces energy
oxidized
What is the role of ATP in the cell?
a source of chemical energy
In metabolism, NAD+/NADH acts as:
an electron carrier
Name the reaction that O2 is converted into H2O
Oxidative phosphorylation
Why is O2 converted to H2O in oxidative phosphorylation
- O2 acts as the final electron acceptor for the low energy electron that have traveled through the electron transport chain.
- In the chemical reaction O2 + 4e + 4H are converted to 2H2O.
What reaction is H2O converted to O2
light-independent reactions
Why is H2O converted to O2 in light-independent reactions
H2O is stripped of electrons to replace those exited by light. This result in the conversion of 2H2O to O2+4H+
when you exhale CO2 what reaction is produces the majority of that CO2
Citric Acid Cycle
what produces NADPH and ATP used to convert CO2 to G3P
light-dependent reactions
occurs both in respiration and fermentation
glycolysis
is sometimes know as carbon fixation
light-independent reactions (Calvin cycle)
result in the reduction of a carbon-containing molecule. (The carbon-containing products are reduced in comparison to the carbon-containing input).
- Conversion of pyruvate to lactic acid in fermentation
- light-independent reactions
one of the processes that uses a H+ GRADIENT IS USED TO GENERATE ATP
- Oxidative phosphorylation
- light-dependent reactions
In respiration, this reaction produces the largest amount of NADH per input glucose
citric acid cycle
Involves the direct capturing of energy from light
light-dependent reactions
the only reaction that produces ATP in fermentation
glycolysis
produces CO2 in respiration
citric acid cycle
Write a balanced chemical reaction for the breakdown of glucose (C6H12O6) in cellular respiration
C6H12O6+ 6O2 (6+H2O) IS CONVERTED TO 6C02+(6+H2O)
Write a balanced chemical reaction for the synthesis of glucose (C6H12O6) in photosynthesis
6CO2 + 6H2O (+6H2O) IS CONVERTED TO C6H12O6+6O2 (+6H2O)
Where is the cytoplasm in a picture of mitochondria and what is it the site of
the cytoplasm is the fluid around the mitochondria and is the site of glycolysis
Where is the inter membrane space located
between the outer membrane and the mitochondria matrix
where is the mitochondria matrix located and it is the site of
in the big space in the middle of the mitochondria and the site of the citric acid cycle
where is the outermsmbrane located
it is the line that separates the cytoplasm
where is the inner membrane located and it is the site of
the inner membrane is the under the inter membrane and the site of oxidative phosphorylation
where is the thylakoid space located
on top of the thylakoid stacks
where is the outer membrane of the chloroplast
the first line of the chloroplast
where is the inner membrane of the chloroplast
the second line of the chloroplast
what is the site of light reaction in the chloroplast
the thylakoid membrane
what is the site of the calvin cycle
the stroma
where is the stroma located
the bottom little white thing next to a stack of thylakoids
Briefly describe metabolism
- it is defined as the total of the chemical reactions of an organism
- it arises from the interactions between molecules within an orderly environment of the cell
Briefly describe metabolic pathway
- is a series of linked chemical reactions
- it begins with a specific molecule, which is altered in a series of defined steps, resulting in a certain product.
Briefly describe the role of enzymes in metabolic pathways
each step of a metabolic pathway is catalyzed by a specific enzyme
Describe the composition and function of enzymes using the term catalyst
An enzyme is a protein that is able to catalyze chemical reactions
Describe the composition and function of enzymes using the term activation energy
A catalyst speeds up a chemical reaction by lowering activation energy of that reaction
Describe the composition and function of enzymes using the term substrate
The activation energy is the amount of energy needed to transform the substrate into a transition state
Describe the composition and function of enzymes using the term active site and enzyme-substrate complex
The substrate is the molecule that the enzyme is acting upon. It binds to a specific region called the active site to form the enzyme-substrate complex
Compare oxidation and reduction (redox reactions) as to loss or gain of elections,
- Oxidation is the loss of one or more electrons from a substance
- Reduction is the gain of one or more electrons from a substance
Compare oxidation and reduction (redox reactions) as to loss or gain of hydrogen, oxygen, and energy
Oxidation reactions
-Oxidation can involve the loss of one or more Hydrogen atoms
-In cellular process, oxidation of a molecule often uses energy
Reduction reactions
-Reduction reactions can involve the gainof oneor more Hydrogen atoms
-In cellular process, reduction of a molecule often uses energy
Write a balanced reaction for oxidative respiration starting with glucose
C6H12O6+6O2(+6H2O)->6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy (36-38ATP) (6H2O)
Briefly describe the role of ATP in the cell
- ATP acts as source of chemical energy for the cell
- breaking the bonds between the phosphates in ATP releases energy, which can be transferred to chemical reactions that require engergy
- this converts ATP to ADP +Pi (Pi is an inotganic phosphate)
Briefly describe the role of NAD+/NADH in the cell?
NAD+/NADH acts as an electron carrier of the cell
What is the important difference between NAD+/NADH?
- The oxidized form (lacking electrons) is NAD+, while the reduced form (which has 2 extra electrons) is NADH.
- NAD+ can pick up 2 electrons from a molecule, where it is reduced to NADH, and NADH can donate 2 electrons to a molecule, oxidizing it to NAD+.
How many molecules of ATP are produced in respiration and in fermentation?
- Respiration: 36 to 38 molecules of ATP
- Fermentation: 2 net molecules of ATP
List the function of the palisade mesophyll
- consist of one or more layers of elongated parenchyma cell
- is usually on the upper part of the leaf
List the function of the spongy mesophyll
- consist of loosely arranged parenchyma cells
- is usually on the lower part of the leaf
- the loose arrangement of these cells allows for gas exchange
