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Biology > Exam 3 What you should know > Flashcards

Exam 3 What you should know Flashcards

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1
Q

Involves the gain of electrons

A

reduction

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2
Q

involves the loss of electrons

A

oxidized

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3
Q

Can involve the gain of one or more hydrogen atoms

A

reduction

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4
Q

In cellular proceses, this usually produces energy

A

oxidized

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5
Q

What is the role of ATP in the cell?

A

a source of chemical energy

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6
Q

In metabolism, NAD+/NADH acts as:

A

an electron carrier

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7
Q

Name the reaction that O2 is converted into H2O

A

Oxidative phosphorylation

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8
Q

Why is O2 converted to H2O in oxidative phosphorylation

A
  • O2 acts as the final electron acceptor for the low energy electron that have traveled through the electron transport chain.
  • In the chemical reaction O2 + 4e + 4H are converted to 2H2O.
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9
Q

What reaction is H2O converted to O2

A

light-independent reactions

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10
Q

Why is H2O converted to O2 in light-independent reactions

A

H2O is stripped of electrons to replace those exited by light. This result in the conversion of 2H2O to O2+4H+

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11
Q

when you exhale CO2 what reaction is produces the majority of that CO2

A

Citric Acid Cycle

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12
Q

what produces NADPH and ATP used to convert CO2 to G3P

A

light-dependent reactions

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13
Q

occurs both in respiration and fermentation

A

glycolysis

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14
Q

is sometimes know as carbon fixation

A

light-independent reactions (Calvin cycle)

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15
Q

result in the reduction of a carbon-containing molecule. (The carbon-containing products are reduced in comparison to the carbon-containing input).

A
  • Conversion of pyruvate to lactic acid in fermentation

- light-independent reactions

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16
Q

one of the processes that uses a H+ GRADIENT IS USED TO GENERATE ATP

A
  • Oxidative phosphorylation

- light-dependent reactions

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17
Q

In respiration, this reaction produces the largest amount of NADH per input glucose

A

citric acid cycle

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18
Q

Involves the direct capturing of energy from light

A

light-dependent reactions

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19
Q

the only reaction that produces ATP in fermentation

A

glycolysis

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20
Q

produces CO2 in respiration

A

citric acid cycle

21
Q

Write a balanced chemical reaction for the breakdown of glucose (C6H12O6) in cellular respiration

A

C6H12O6+ 6O2 (6+H2O) IS CONVERTED TO 6C02+(6+H2O)

22
Q

Write a balanced chemical reaction for the synthesis of glucose (C6H12O6) in photosynthesis

A

6CO2 + 6H2O (+6H2O) IS CONVERTED TO C6H12O6+6O2 (+6H2O)

23
Q

Where is the cytoplasm in a picture of mitochondria and what is it the site of

A

the cytoplasm is the fluid around the mitochondria and is the site of glycolysis

24
Q

Where is the inter membrane space located

A

between the outer membrane and the mitochondria matrix

25
Q

where is the mitochondria matrix located and it is the site of

A

in the big space in the middle of the mitochondria and the site of the citric acid cycle

26
Q

where is the outermsmbrane located

A

it is the line that separates the cytoplasm

27
Q

where is the inner membrane located and it is the site of

A

the inner membrane is the under the inter membrane and the site of oxidative phosphorylation

28
Q

where is the thylakoid space located

A

on top of the thylakoid stacks

29
Q

where is the outer membrane of the chloroplast

A

the first line of the chloroplast

30
Q

where is the inner membrane of the chloroplast

A

the second line of the chloroplast

31
Q

what is the site of light reaction in the chloroplast

A

the thylakoid membrane

32
Q

what is the site of the calvin cycle

A

the stroma

33
Q

where is the stroma located

A

the bottom little white thing next to a stack of thylakoids

34
Q

Briefly describe metabolism

A
  • it is defined as the total of the chemical reactions of an organism
  • it arises from the interactions between molecules within an orderly environment of the cell
35
Q

Briefly describe metabolic pathway

A
  • is a series of linked chemical reactions

- it begins with a specific molecule, which is altered in a series of defined steps, resulting in a certain product.

36
Q

Briefly describe the role of enzymes in metabolic pathways

A

each step of a metabolic pathway is catalyzed by a specific enzyme

37
Q

Describe the composition and function of enzymes using the term catalyst

A

An enzyme is a protein that is able to catalyze chemical reactions

38
Q

Describe the composition and function of enzymes using the term activation energy

A

A catalyst speeds up a chemical reaction by lowering activation energy of that reaction

39
Q

Describe the composition and function of enzymes using the term substrate

A

The activation energy is the amount of energy needed to transform the substrate into a transition state

40
Q

Describe the composition and function of enzymes using the term active site and enzyme-substrate complex

A

The substrate is the molecule that the enzyme is acting upon. It binds to a specific region called the active site to form the enzyme-substrate complex

41
Q

Compare oxidation and reduction (redox reactions) as to loss or gain of elections,

A
  • Oxidation is the loss of one or more electrons from a substance
  • Reduction is the gain of one or more electrons from a substance
42
Q

Compare oxidation and reduction (redox reactions) as to loss or gain of hydrogen, oxygen, and energy

A

Oxidation reactions
-Oxidation can involve the loss of one or more Hydrogen atoms
-In cellular process, oxidation of a molecule often uses energy
Reduction reactions
-Reduction reactions can involve the gainof oneor more Hydrogen atoms
-In cellular process, reduction of a molecule often uses energy

43
Q

Write a balanced reaction for oxidative respiration starting with glucose

A

C6H12O6+6O2(+6H2O)->6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy (36-38ATP) (6H2O)

44
Q

Briefly describe the role of ATP in the cell

A
  • ATP acts as source of chemical energy for the cell
  • breaking the bonds between the phosphates in ATP releases energy, which can be transferred to chemical reactions that require engergy
  • this converts ATP to ADP +Pi (Pi is an inotganic phosphate)
45
Q

Briefly describe the role of NAD+/NADH in the cell?

A

NAD+/NADH acts as an electron carrier of the cell

46
Q

What is the important difference between NAD+/NADH?

A
  • The oxidized form (lacking electrons) is NAD+, while the reduced form (which has 2 extra electrons) is NADH.
  • NAD+ can pick up 2 electrons from a molecule, where it is reduced to NADH, and NADH can donate 2 electrons to a molecule, oxidizing it to NAD+.
47
Q

How many molecules of ATP are produced in respiration and in fermentation?

A
  • Respiration: 36 to 38 molecules of ATP

- Fermentation: 2 net molecules of ATP

48
Q

List the function of the palisade mesophyll

A
  • consist of one or more layers of elongated parenchyma cell

- is usually on the upper part of the leaf

49
Q

List the function of the spongy mesophyll

A
  • consist of loosely arranged parenchyma cells
  • is usually on the lower part of the leaf
  • the loose arrangement of these cells allows for gas exchange

Biology (21 decks)

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