Chapter 1 Introduction: Themes In The Study Of Life Flashcards
The scientific study of life
Biology
The process of change that has transformed life on Earth from its earliest beginnings to the diversity of organisms living today.
Evolution
list the characteristics of life
- order
- energy processing
- growth and development
- response to the environment
- regulation
- reproduction
- evolutionary adaptation
The highly ______ structure that characterizes life. What every living thing must have.
order
use of chemical energy
energy processing
inherited information carried by genes controls the pattern of
growth and development
response to the__________stimulus of
response to the environment
adaptations that evolve over generations or changes over generations
evolutionary adaptations
response to changes and maintains a constant
regulation
organism reproduce their own kind
reproduction
definition of life
we recognize life by what living things do
Name the levels of Biological Organization
- The Biosphere
- Ecosystems
- communities
- populations
- organisms
- organs and organ systems
- tissues
- cells
- organelles
- molecules
consist of all life on Earth and all the places where life exists; Most regions of land, most bodies of water, the atmosphere to an altitude of several kilometers and even sediments far below the ocean floor
Biosphere
all living things in a particular area such as deciduous forest, grasslands, deserts, and coral reefs
ecosystem
The array of organisms inhabiting a particular place or a biological community is called
communities
consist of all the individuals of a species living within the bounds of a specified area, ex a community
populations
what living things are called
organisms
a body part that carries out a particular function in the body and is composed of organs
organ system
consist of multiple tissues
organ
a group of cells together, performing a specific function
tissues
life’s fundamental unit of structure and function
the cell
functional components that present in cells an ex, is chloroplasts are examples
organelles
a chemical structure consisting of of two or more units called atoms an example is Chlorophyll
molecules
A powerful strategy in biology, which reduces complex systems to simpler components that are more manageable to study. Provides a necessarily incomplete view of life on Earth. An example is Zooming in at ever-finer resolutions
reductionism
allows us to see emergent properties at each level that are absent from the proceeding level
reductionism
the arrangement and interactions of parts as complexity increases, not unique to life, especially challenging to study
emergent properties
the exploration of a biological system by analyzing the interactions among its parts
exploring emergent properties more fully, complementing reductionism with systems biology
can be used to study life at all levels
system biology
provides insight into its structure and organization
function
gives us clues about what is does and how it works
analyzing biological structure
In life’s structural hierarchy, it is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required for life
the cell
actions of organisms are based on the functioning of
cells
is enclosed in a membrane that regulates the passage of materials between it and its surroundings
cells
Name the two main forms of cells
prokaryotic and eukaryotic
cells of two groups of single-celled microorganisms bacteria and archaea
prokaryotic
all other forms of life including plants and animals, are compose of
eukaryotic cell
contains a membrane-enclosed organelles
eukaryotic cell
organelles, such as DNA-containing nucleus , are found in the cells of all
eukaryotes
an organelle found only in eukaryotic cells that carry out photosynthesis
Chloroplasts
lacks a nucleus or other membrane-enclosed organelles
prokaryotic
structures called chromosomes contain genetic material in the form of
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
each time a cell divides the _____ is the first _____ or _____ and each of the two cellular offspring inherits a complete set of _________ identical to the parent cell
DNA, replicated or copied, chromosomes
the units of inheritance
genes
encodes the information necessary to build all of the molecules synthesized within a cell, which in turn establish that cell;s identity and function
genes
insulin causes excess glucose to be stored in the form of a very large carbohydrate called, reducing blood glucose level to a range that is optimal for bodily functioning.
glycogen
What is science?
the way of knowing about the world
Describe two types of science
- descriptive science also know as discovery based science…this describes the natural world
- Hypothesis-based science is doing the test to know about the natural world
What is the process of science?
The process of science involves 1. observation - observing something in the natural world 2. hypothesis - possible explanation for the observation 3. experiment -testing the hypothesis.
Name the parts of an experiment
independent variable, dependent variable, control and confounding variable
change in an experiment
independent variable
the thing you look at, at the end of an experiment
dependent variable
treatment (additional treatment) to make sure that only the independent variable is affecting the dependent variable
control
appear to affect the experiment but don’t
confounding variable
Name ways to communicate the result
primary literature versus secondary literature and peer review
people who did the experiment and write about their results in scientific journals
primary literature
newspaper, magazine, reviews, and everything else
secondary literature
experts review’s article before publication
peer review
name the parts of primary
- abstract 2. introduction 3. materials and methods 4. results 5. discussion
short summary of the paper
abstract
what is know before and justification for the work in the paper
introduction
enough detail to replicate experiments
materials and methods
describe actual results of experiments
results
broader implications, problems with results areas of further research.
discussion
what is biology
the scientific study of life
what is life
we know what life is by recognizing what living things do
