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Biology > Exam 3 Metabolism > Flashcards

Exam 3 Metabolism Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

the total chemical reactions of an organism

A

metabolism

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2
Q

arises from the interactions between molecules within the orderly environment of a cell

A

metabolism

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3
Q

Define metabolism

A

the total chemical reactions of an organism

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4
Q

Metabolism arises from

A

the interactions between molecules within the orderly environment of a cell

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5
Q

What are metabolic pathway

A

metabolic pathways are a series of linked chemical reactions

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6
Q

How is each step in a metabolic pathway catalyzed

A

by a specific enzyme for example molecule A would be enzyme 1 and so on

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7
Q

Describe the how the molecules are produced in metabolic pathways

A

the molecules produced by one retain is the starting point of the next reaction for example A would be the starting molecule enzyme 1 and reaction 1 then B would be enzyme 2 and the 2nd reaction etc.

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8
Q

series of chemical reaction where the substrate of a reaction is the product of the previous reaction. Each reaction is catalyzed by a different enzyme

A

metabolic pathways

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9
Q

name two types of metabolic pathways

A

catabolic and anabolic

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10
Q

describe catabolic pathways

A

breaks down molecules making them more simple and produces energy….

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11
Q

describe anabolic pathways

A

builds up molecules or makes them more complicated and requires extra energy

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12
Q

breaks down complicated molecules into simpler ones and energy is stored in the molecule becomes available to do work in the cell

A

catabolic pathways

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13
Q

builds up complicated molecules becomes available to do work in the cell and energy is consumed to build up these complex molecules

A

anabolic pathways

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14
Q

What is energy?

A

light, heat, movement, electricty, etc

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15
Q

what is potential energy

A

energy that is stored in matter based on position and structure

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16
Q

what is chemical energy

A

potential energy based on the chemical bonds of a molecule

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17
Q

energy that matter possesses because of its location or structure

A

potential energy

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18
Q

potential energy available for release in a chemical reaction

A

chemical energy

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19
Q

C6H12O6 vs CO2

A

chemical energy

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20
Q

different molecules have different bonds, so they have different amounts of chemical energy

A

chemical energy

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21
Q

molecules have chemical energy in their bonds

A

chemical energy

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22
Q

what is the equation for free energy

A

ºG (products) -G (reactants) =

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23
Q

-

A

reactants that release energy

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24
Q

+

A

reactions that release energy

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25
Q

Explain how potential energy converts to kinetic energy

A

a diver has more potential energy on the platform than in water, diving converts potential energy to kinetic energy

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26
Q

Explain how kinetic energy converts to potential energy

A

climbing up converts the kinetic energy of muscle movement to potential energy, a diver has less potential energy in the water than on the platform

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27
Q

the energy in a particular molecule has sometimes abbreviated

A

G (free energy)

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28
Q

represents difference in the amount of energy between the final state and the initial state

A

free energy ∆G

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29
Q

∆G =

A

G final state -G initial state

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30
Q

if ∆G is negative

A

the reaction will release energy ( this reaction will tend to be spontaneous

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31
Q

If ∆ G is positive

A

the reaction will require the input of energy

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32
Q

More free energy is

A

higher G, less stable, and greater work capacity

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33
Q

in a spontaneous change

A

the free energy of the system decreases ( ∆G <0), the system becomes more stable, the released free energy can be harnessed to do work

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34
Q

less free energy

A

lower G, more stable, less work capacity

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35
Q

proteins are

A

polymers of amino acids

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36
Q

name catalyze chemical reactions

A

free energy and activation energy

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37
Q

free energy is not

A

affected by enzymes

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38
Q

activation energy are

A

lowered by enzymes

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39
Q

proteins that catalyze chemical reactions

A

enzymes

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40
Q

what does catalysts do in metabolic reactions

A

catalysts speed up metabolic reactions by lowering activation energy

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41
Q

enzymes bind to

A

one or more substrates and confer them to one or more products

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42
Q

enzymes are unchanged

A

at the end of the chemical reaction

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43
Q

are usually named with the suffix “-ase”

A

enzymes

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44
Q

how do enzymes work - active site

A

pocket that binds to the substrate, based on shape of enzyme and substrate

45
Q

how do enzymes work - specifically

A

Each specific enzyme binds to specific substrate and catalyzes on a specific reaction

46
Q

how do enzymes work - lock and key and induced fit

A

each enzyme matches a substrate like a lock a key and binding to the substrate causes the enzyme to fit better

47
Q

describe enzyme action

A

enzyme + substrate ➡️ enzyme-substrate complex ⬇️
stabilizes transition state ➡️ enzyme-product complex⬇️
enzyme + product

48
Q

describe in detail enzyme action in six steps

A
  1. substrates enter active site, enzyme changes shape that is its active site enfolds the substrate (induced fit)
  2. substrate held in active site by interactions, such as hydrogen bonds and ionic bonds
  3. active site can lower EA (activation energy) and speed up a reaction.
  4. substrates are converted to products
  5. products are released
  6. active site is available for two new substrates molecules
49
Q

Give an example of a reaction written in a formula

A

Substrate Catalase Product
⬇️ ➡️ I
2H2O2 2H2O2 + 02

50
Q

what changes enzyme activity?

A

enzyme activity depends on shape of enzyme and shape of substrate

51
Q

Define denaturation

A

unfolding of the enzyme- changes in shape

52
Q

denaturation in temperature

A

high temperature can break H-bold

53
Q

denaturation in pH

A

changes ionization of side chains, breaks ionic bonds

54
Q

what are inhibitors (control of enzymes)

A

molecules that turn off enzymes

55
Q

what are competitive inhibitors

A

binds to active site blocks substrate binding

56
Q

what are noncompetitive inhibitions

A

binds to a different site, pulls on protein chain, changes the shape of the active site

57
Q

-the end product of a pathway inhibits the first enzyme in the pathway

A

feedback inhibition 1st

58
Q

-shuts down the pathway if the cell is not using the end product

A

feedback inhibition 2nd

59
Q

-the pathway will turn on again if the cell starts using the end product

A

feedback inhibition 3rd

60
Q
  • the end product of a pathway inhibits the first enzyme in the pathway
  • shuts down the pathway if the cell is not using the end product
  • the pathway will turn on again if the cell starts using the end product
A

feedback inhibition

61
Q

name two enzyme names

A

catalase and DNA Polymerase

62
Q

what is another name for oxidation-reduction reactions

A

Redox

63
Q

define oxidation-reduction reactions

A

chemical reactions where one or more electrons are transferred from molecule to another

64
Q

define oxidation

A

chemical reaction where molecules looses an element

65
Q

define reduction

A

chemical reactions here a molecule gains an electron

66
Q

what does the acronym OILRIG stand for oxidation-reduction reactions

A 
Oxidation
Is
Loss
Reduction 
is 
Gained
67
Q

In oxidation electrons

A

lose

68
Q

In oxidation hydrogen

A

sometimes lose

69
Q

In oxidation oxygen`

A

sometimes gain

70
Q

in oxidation energy (organic molecules in the cell)

A

gives the cell energy (catabolism)

71
Q

In reduction electrons

A

gain

72
Q

in reduction hydrogen

A

sometimes gain

73
Q

in reduction oxygen

A

sometimes lose

74
Q

in reduction energy (organ molecules in the cell)

A

require energy from the cell (anabolism)

75
Q

What is the function of ATP

A

it is used to store chemical energy readily available

76
Q

What are the forms of ATP

A
  • ATP “charged” form - 3 phosphates
  • ADP “ dead” form - 2 phosphates
  • AMP “dead” form - 1 phosphate
77
Q

What does adenosine triphosphate stand for

A

ATP

78
Q

how is ADP converted to ATP

A

substrate-level phosphorylation and oxidative phosphorylation

79
Q

how is ADP converted to ATP by substrate-level phosphorylation

A

a phosphate molecule + ADP —–> molecule + A

80
Q

how is ADP converted to ATP by oxidative phosphorylation

A

membrane and lots of hydrogen ions plus few ions ATP synthesis protein —-ADP + P turns to ATP

81
Q

what is the function of electron carriers

A

picks up electrons from a molecule and drops them off somewhere else and it carries two electrons

82
Q

what are the types of electron carriers

A
  1. NAD+ (electrons lacking)/ NADH (has electrons) - cellular respiration and fermentation– catabolic reactions
  2. FAD/FADH2- cellular respiration
  3. NADP+/NADPH- photosynthesis —anabolic reactions
83
Q

Energy stored in molecules becomes and is related to

A

Available to do work… Is related to catabolic pathways

84
Q

Is energy that matter possesses because of its location or structure

A

Potential energy

85
Q

Is potential energy ready for release in a chemical reaction

A

Chemical energy

86
Q

Molecules have________ in their bonds

A

Chemical energy

87
Q

Different molecules have different ________, so they have different amounts of

A

Bonds, chemical energy

88
Q

The energy of a particular molecule has is sometimes abbreviated as G

A

Free energy

89
Q

Represents difference in the amount of energy between the final state and initial state

A

Free energy

90
Q

What happens when free energy is negative

A

The reaction will release and will tend to be spontaneous

91
Q

What happens when free energy is positive

A

Reaction will require the input of energy

92
Q

Proteins that catalyzed chemical reactions

A

Enzymes

93
Q

Catalyst speed up metabolic reactions by

A

Lowering activation energy

94
Q

Binds to one or more substrates

A

Enzymes

95
Q

enzymes bind to one or more substrates and

A

Convert them to one or more products

96
Q

What happens to the enzymes at the end of chemical reaction

A

They are unchanged

97
Q

The reactants form a ________ on their way to forming the products.

A

Transition state in Activation energy

98
Q

____________to form the transition state, even if the _______ of the entire reaction is negative

A

It takes energy…… Free energy…. In activation energy

99
Q

The energy needed to for the transition state is called

A

activation energy

100
Q

In activation energy, in order for the reaction to proceed there must be

A

an initial investment of energy equal to the activation energy

101
Q

enzymes lower the Ea of a reaction but

A

do not affect the free energy of the reaction

102
Q

enzymes are not_________ during what reaction

A

permanently altered during the reaction (activation energy)

103
Q

How do enzymes lower activation energy?

A

by specifically binding to the substrate(s)
the substrate is the reactant that the enzyme acts upon
together they form an enzyme-substrate complex

104
Q

After enzymes form an enzyme-substrate complex while lowering activation energy what action is performed next

A

While the enzyme and substrate are joined;

  • the catalytic action of the enzyme converts the substrate to the products of the reaction
  • the reaction catalyzed by the enzyme is very specific and is based on the shape and chemical properties of the enzyme and the substrate
105
Q

The region of the enzyme where the substrate binding occurs is called

A

the active site ( this happens in the process of enzymes lowering activation energy)

106
Q

The active site is usually

A

a small part of the protein

107
Q

The active site shape specifically

A

matches the substrate shape (like a lock and key)

108
Q

When enzymes are lowering activation energy, their are interactions between the active site and the substrate what does this cause

A

It causes the protein to change shape slightly, so that the active site fits even more snugly around the substrate and this is referred to as induced fit similar to a clasping handshake

Biology (21 decks)

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