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BRS Y1 > Week 9- Cardiovascular Disorders > Flashcards

Week 9- Cardiovascular Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

What is a cardiomyopathy?

A

A disorder that affects the cardiomyocytes or cardiac muscle function

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2
Q

What is heart failure?

A

Inability of the heart to maintain adequate circulation for the metabolic requirements of the body

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3
Q

What happens to ejection fraction during heart failure?

A

It can be preserved or reduced

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4
Q

What is preserved ejection fraction?

A

Heart function equal to or below 50% (reduced diastolic function-decreased muscle mass in left ventricle, can pump but can’t relax as well)

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5
Q

What is reduced ejection fraction?

A

Heart function equal to or below 40% (reduced systolic function-heart hasn’t got enough strength to pump out blood)

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6
Q

What type of ejection fraction causes reduced diastolic function?

A

Reduced ejection fraction

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7
Q

What type of ejection fraction causes reduced systolic function?

A

Preserved ejection fraction

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8
Q

What are causes of heart failure?

A

Secondary to cardiac damage eg ischaemia/myopathy, hypertension, valve disease

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9
Q

What type of ejection fraction does hypertension affect?

A

Preserved- hypertension causes thickening of the cardiac muscle wall making it harder for the muscle to relax

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10
Q

What happens to cardiac output during heart failure?

A

It falls

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11
Q

What are general symptoms of heart failure?

A

Breathlessness, fatigue, fluid retention (caused by cardiac dysfunction)

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12
Q

How is heart failure visible on an ECG?

A

Enlarged QRS complex (generally taller, can also be wider)

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13
Q

How is heart failure diagnosed?

A

Echocardiography or elevated natriuretic peptides

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14
Q

What is Tako Tsubo syndrome?

A

Left ventricular dysfunction where apex balloons and symptoms mimic MI (myocardial infarction)- also known as broken heart syndrome

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15
Q

What is the main cause of Tako Tsubo syndrome?

A

Stressful event

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16
Q

Who does Tako Tsubo syndrome usually affect?

A

Women

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17
Q

How does Tako Tsubo syndrome affect cardiac output?

A

Reduces it to around 40%

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18
Q

How is Tako Tsubo syndrome visible on an ECG?

A

ST segment elevation

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19
Q

What are some symptoms of Tako Tsubo syndrome?

A

Chest pain, increased cardiac biomarkers but blood vessels are normal

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20
Q

What are conduction abnormalities?

A

Disorders that affect bioelectrical transmission along the heart

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21
Q

What is dilated cardiomyopathy?

A

Cardiomegaly and dilation, systolic dysfunction with

hypo-contraction

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22
Q

What are the causes of dilated cardiomyopathy?

A

20-50% familial, also secondary to MI

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23
Q

How does dilated cardiomyopathy affect cardiac output?

A

Reduces it to round 40%

24
Q

What are some symptoms of dilated cardiomyopathy?

A

Dyspnoea and fatigue

25
Q

How is dilated cardiomyopathy visible on an ECG?

A

No specific changes, similar to LVR (enlarged QRS complex)

26
Q

What is hypertrophic cardiomyopathy?

A

Unexplained left ventricular hypertrophy

27
Q

What area of the heart does hypertrophic cardiomyopathy mainly affect?

A

Primarily affects the interventricular septum

28
Q

What does hypertrophic cardiomyopathy do to cardiac output and how does it affect life expectancy?

A

Reduces cardiac output, can cause sudden death due to cardiac arrest during exercise

29
Q

What are some symptoms of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy?

A

Dyspnoea and fatigue

30
Q

How is hypertrophic cardiomyopathy visible on an ECG?

A

No specific changes, similar to LVR

31
Q

What is atrial fibrillation?

A

Disorganised electrical activity and contraction

32
Q

What is the cause of atrial fibrillation?

A

Spontaneously active cells throughout the atria

33
Q

What effect does atrial fibrillation have on cardiac output and life expectancy?

A

Reduces output, leads to increased risk of heart failure or stroke

34
Q

What are some symptoms of atrial fibrillation?

A

Palpitations and chest pain

35
Q

How is atrial fibrillation visible on an ECG?

A

Absence of P wave and fibrillatory waves

36
Q

What is Wolff Parkinson White?

A

A syndrome causing tachycardia and abnormal electrical conduction

37
Q

What is the cause of Wolff Parkinson White?

A

Due to an accessory conduction pathway (bundle of Kent) between atria and ventricles

38
Q

What effect does Wolff Parkinson White have on cardiac output and life expectancy?

A

Cardiac output and life expectancy remain unchanged

39
Q

What are some symptoms of Wolff Parkinson White?

A

Palpitations and chest pains

40
Q

How is Wolff Parkinson White visible on an ECG?

A

Pre-excitation visible on the QRS complex

Bisphasic or inverted T wave

41
Q

What is conduction block?

A

Impaired electrical conduction through the AV node

42
Q

What are the types of conduction block and how are they different?

A

Type 1, 2 or 3
Type 1= conduction slows down
Type 2= partial block
Type 3= complete block

43
Q

What are causes of conduction block?

A

Fibrosis or calcification of conduction system

44
Q

What part of the heart does type 1 conduction block affect?

A

AV node

45
Q

What part of the heart do type 2 and 3 conduction block affect?

A

His Purkinje system

46
Q

How are the different types of conduction block visible on an ECG?

A

Type I: ↑ P-R interval
Type II: ↑ P-R interval and 1 beat loss of AV conduction
Type III: Complete/persistent loss of conduction from atria to ventricles

47
Q

What is a bundle branch block?

A

Impaired electrical conduction in the right or left

branches or fascicles of the bundles of His

48
Q

Which out of right or left bundle branch block is more dangerous?

A

Left, right is benign and asymptomatic

49
Q

How is bundle branch block visible on an ECG?

A

RBBB and LBBB – Widening QRS complex > 120 msec
Fascicle blockage (hemi-block) – Alterations in cardiac
axis: posterior leads to LAD & anterior leads to RAD

50
Q

What clinical measurement of blood pressure qualifies as hypertension?

A

140/90 mmHg

51
Q

What daytime average measurement of BP qualifies as hypertension?

A

135/85 mmHg

52
Q

What does hypertension increase the risk of?

A

Stroke, heart disease, end organ damage

53
Q

What are the symptoms of hypertension?

A

Its asymptomatic

54
Q

Define myocardial infarction

A

An acute coronary syndrome resulting in cardiac tissue damage due to coronary artery blockage

55
Q

Define angina

A

Pain or discomfort typically radiating from the chest

56
Q

What are the 2 types of angina and how do they differ?

A

Stable- when chest pain is severe only after exertion or emotional stress
Unstable- when chest pain is uncontrolled and arises even when at rest

57
Q

What is visible on an ECG of someone with MI?

A

ST segment elevation

BRS Y1 (52 decks)

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