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BRS Y1 > Week 4- Reproductive Systems > Flashcards

Week 4- Reproductive Systems Flashcards

1
Q

What 3 organs provide seminal fluid components?

A

Seminal vesicles
Bulbourethral glands
Prostate

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2
Q

What does the seminal fluid comprise of?

A 
Fructose
Citric acid
Bicarbonate
Fibrinogen
Fibrinolytic enzymes
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3
Q

Where is the spermatic chord located?

A

At the deep inguinal ring

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4
Q

What are the 2 layers of the penis?

A

Corpora cavernosa and corpora spongiosum

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5
Q

What type of stimulation is required for erection and ejection?

A

Erection: parasympathetic
Ejaculation: sympathetic

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6
Q

How is the arterial blood supplied to the testes?

A

Via testicular arteries from the aorta via the spermatic chord

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7
Q

How is lymph drained from the testes?

A

Para- aortic lymph nodes

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8
Q

What is cut to make males sterile?

A

Vas deferens

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9
Q

What part of the female reproductive tract is in the peritoneal cavity?

A

Ovaries

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10
Q

What type of muscle do the fallopian tubes contain?

A

Spiral muscle

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11
Q

What muscles and ligaments is the uterus supported by?

A

Muscles: levator ani and coccygeus
Ligaments: broad, round, uterosacral

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12
Q

Where does fertilisation occour?

A

Ampulla

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13
Q

What parts of the female system are sterile?

A

Everything above the cervix

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14
Q

How is sterility in the female system maintained?

A

Shedding, thick mucus, narrow, ph less than 4.5

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15
Q

How is the arterial blood supplied to the ovaries?

A

Ovarian arteries from aorta

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16
Q

How is lymph drained from the ovaries, uterus and vagina?

A

Ovaries: para aortic lymph nodes

Uterus/vagina: iliac, sacral, aortic, inguinal lymph nodes

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17
Q

What is gametogenesis in males called?

A

Spermatogenesis

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18
Q

What specialised cells are found inside and outside the seminiferous tubules?

A

Inside: sertoli cells
Outside: leydig cells

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19
Q

What hormones do the testes produce?

A

Androgens (testosterone, dihydrotestosterone, androstenedione)

Inhibin

Oestrogens

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20
Q

What is the main function of sertoli cells?

A

Support developing germ cells (assist movement to tubular lumen, transfer nutrients from capillaries to developing germ cells, phagocytosis of damaged germ cells)

Hormone synthesis

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21
Q

What is the main function of leydig cells?

A

Hormone synthesis

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22
Q

What hormones do the ovaries produce?

A

Oestrogens (oestradiol, oesterone, oestriol)

Progesterone

Androgens (testosterone, androstenedione, DHEA)

Relaxin

Inhibin

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23
Q

What is menarche?

A

Beginning of the female period

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24
Q

What can be tested if it is suspected a female is infertile?

A

Progesterone levels or look for a corpus luteum via ultrasound (both display wether or not a female is ovulating)

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25
Q

What are the 2 main cell types of the ovary?

A

Theca (outer part of follicle)

Granulosa (inner part of follicles)

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26
Q

What happens in women if there is overproduction of androgens?

A

PCOS

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27
Q

What enzyme converts testosterone to oestradiol?

A

Aromatase

28
Q

Describe the hypothalamic pituitary gland axis for production of oestrogen/progesterone/androgens

A

Kisspeptin, GnRH, LH/FSH, gonads then hormones

29
Q

What is hyperprolactinaemia and what physiological changes does it cause?

A

Too much proclactin due to pituitary tumor, prolactin binds to kisspeptin neurone inhibiting kisspeptin release so lower GnRH/LH/FSH/Test/oestr

30
Q

What are symptoms of hyperprolactinaemia?

A

Oligo-amenorrhea, low libido, infertility, osteoporosis

31
Q

What is oligomenorrhea?

A

Periods that are more than 35 days apart

32
Q

A drop in what hormone causes bleeding on day one of the period?

A

Progesterone

33
Q

What does the spermatic chord contain?

A 
Testicular artery
Pampiniform plexus
Autonomic and GF nerves
Lymph vessels
Vas deferens
34
Q

How many seminiferous tubules are there and how many lobules?

A

1-4 tubules

300 lobules

35
Q

Describe male gonads

A

Begins at puberty and continues for life, spermatoginia undergo differentiation and self renewal

36
Q

Describe female gonads

A

Around 6 million oogonia per ovary
Primary oocytes form within ovarian follicles
At birth around 2 million per ovary
At puberty less than half a million remain

37
Q

Describe spermatogenesis

A

Spermatogonium undergoes mitosis to form primary spermatocytes

1st meiotic division forms secondary spermatocytes

2nd meiotic division forms spermatids

Spermatids mature to spermatozoa

Spermatogonium and primary spermatocytes are diploid, secondary spermatocytes, spermatids and spermatozoa are haploid

38
Q

What hormones do sertoli cells produce?

A

Inhibin and activin ( +ve/-ve on FSH)
Anti-mullerian hormone (AMH)
Androgen binding protein (ABP)

39
Q

How hormones fo leydig cells produce? When do they produce these hormones?

A

Produce androgens:
Testosterone
Androstenedione
DHEA

These are produced in response to LH stimulation

40
Q

Describe oogenesis

A

Oogonium undergoes mitosis to form primary oocytes

These undergo 1st meiotic division to form secondary oocytes and 2 first polar bodies

These undergo 2nd meiotic division to form ootids and 2 second polar bodies

Ootids differentiate to form ova

Oogonium and primary oocytes are diploid, secondary oocytes, ootids and ova are haploid

41
Q

What happens to oogonia in the 2nd trimester of pregnancy?

A

They all develop into primary oocytes

42
Q

Where is oogenesis halted before menarche?

A

Before the first meiotic division, this only happens after periods start

43
Q

Describe folliculogenesis

A
  1. Premordial follicle (primary oocyte at birth)
  2. Primary follicle- primary oocyte and layers of granulosa cells and outer theca cells
  3. Secondary follicle- fluid filled cavity (antrum) develops, has FSH/LH receptors
  4. Mature follicle- forms due to LH surge, secondary oocyte formed
  5. Ruptures surface of ovary
  6. Corpus luteum
44
Q

What is the function of theca cells?

A

Support folliculogenesis- structural and nutritional support of growing follicle

Hormone synthesis- LH stimulates synthesis of androgens

45
Q

What is the function of granulosa cells?

A

Hormone synthesis- FSH stimulates granulosa cells to convert androgens to oestrogens via aromatase, also secrete inhibin and activin which have effects on FSH

After ovulation- turn into granulosa leutin cells that produce progesterone as negative feedback to allow maintenance of endometrium during pregnancy as well as relaxin that helps the the endometrium prepare for pregnancy and softens pelvic ligaments/cervix)

46
Q

What is primary vs secondary amenorrhea?

A

Primary: when you’ve never had a period
Secondary: had a period and have not had a period for 6 months

47
Q

What are some causes of amenorrhea?

A 
Stress
Poor nutrition
Weight loss
(Premature) menopause
Any disruption of the hypothalamo-pituitary-gonado axis
Pregnancy
PCOS
Hyperthyroid (maybe hypothyroid)
48
Q

What is the most common cause of hyperprolactinemia?

A

Prolactinoma (tumor)

49
Q

Where does steroidogenesis occour in males?

A

Leydig cells

50
Q

Where does steroidogenesis occour in females?

A

Theca and granulosa cells

51
Q

Describe the hypothalamic pituitary gland axis for reproduction

A

Kisspeptin is produced in the hypothalamus

Kisspeptin causes release of gonadotrophin releasing hormone

GnRH binds to receptors in the anterior pituitary gland causing release of LH/FSH

LH/FSH bind to gonads

Target hormones oestrogen/progesterone/androgen are released

52
Q

How is GnRH released?

A

Via pulsar release

53
Q

How does GnRH travel to the anterior pituitary?

A

Via hypophyseal portal circulation

54
Q

How do testosterone and oestrogen undertake negative feedback in the HPG axis?

A

They stop release of LH/FSH from the anterior pituitary as well as kisspeptin release from kisspeptin neurones

55
Q

What is the method by which testosterone and oestrogen are released?

A

Dional release ie released in the morning

56
Q

What hormone has an effect on the HPG axis and how?

A

Prolactin- it binds to kisspeptin releasing neurones so kisspeptin release is inhibited. This decreases downstream GnRH/LH/FSH/Testosterone

57
Q

Why does bleeding occour on day 1 of the menstrual cycle?

A

Due to a drop in progesterone levels

58
Q

Around what day of the menstrual cycle does ovulation occour and why?

A

Day 14 due to an LH surge

59
Q

How many days or longer does an average menstrual cycle have to be for a female to be considered to have oligomenarrhea?

A

35 days or more

60
Q

What 2 subcycles does the ovarian cycle comprise of?

A

The ovarian cycle and the uterine cycle

61
Q

Describe the ovarian cycle

A

Follicular phase (primary/secondary/mature follicle)

Ovulation

Luteal phase (corpus luteum dies if theres no pregnancy)

62
Q

What are the 3 phases of the uterine cycle

A

Menstrual phase
Proliferative phase
Secretory phase

63
Q

Why does body temp rise slightly after ovulation?

A

Due to progesterone

64
Q

Where is testosterone synthesised?

A

Leydig cells

65
Q

What cells is inhibin secreted from?

A

Sertoli cells

66
Q

What cells does testosterone promote the action of?

A

Sertoli cells

BRS Y1 (52 decks)

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