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BRS Y1 > Week 4- Reproductive Systems > Flashcards

Week 4- Reproductive Systems Flashcards

1
Q

What 3 organs provide seminal fluid components?

A

Seminal vesicles
Bulbourethral glands
Prostate

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2
Q

What does the seminal fluid comprise of?

A 
Fructose
Citric acid
Bicarbonate
Fibrinogen
Fibrinolytic enzymes
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3
Q

Where is the spermatic chord located?

A

At the deep inguinal ring

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4
Q

What are the 2 layers of the penis?

A

Corpora cavernosa and corpora spongiosum

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5
Q

What type of stimulation is required for erection and ejection?

A

Erection: parasympathetic
Ejaculation: sympathetic

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6
Q

How is the arterial blood supplied to the testes?

A

Via testicular arteries from the aorta via the spermatic chord

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7
Q

How is lymph drained from the testes?

A

Para- aortic lymph nodes

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8
Q

What is cut to make males sterile?

A

Vas deferens

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9
Q

What part of the female reproductive tract is in the peritoneal cavity?

A

Ovaries

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10
Q

What type of muscle do the fallopian tubes contain?

A

Spiral muscle

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11
Q

What muscles and ligaments is the uterus supported by?

A

Muscles: levator ani and coccygeus
Ligaments: broad, round, uterosacral

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12
Q

Where does fertilisation occour?

A

Ampulla

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13
Q

What parts of the female system are sterile?

A

Everything above the cervix

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14
Q

How is sterility in the female system maintained?

A

Shedding, thick mucus, narrow, ph less than 4.5

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15
Q

How is the arterial blood supplied to the ovaries?

A

Ovarian arteries from aorta

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16
Q

How is lymph drained from the ovaries, uterus and vagina?

A

Ovaries: para aortic lymph nodes

Uterus/vagina: iliac, sacral, aortic, inguinal lymph nodes

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17
Q

What is gametogenesis in males called?

A

Spermatogenesis

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18
Q

What specialised cells are found inside and outside the seminiferous tubules?

A

Inside: sertoli cells
Outside: leydig cells

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19
Q

What hormones do the testes produce?

A

Androgens (testosterone, dihydrotestosterone, androstenedione)

Inhibin

Oestrogens

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20
Q

What is the main function of sertoli cells?

A

Support developing germ cells (assist movement to tubular lumen, transfer nutrients from capillaries to developing germ cells, phagocytosis of damaged germ cells)

Hormone synthesis

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21
Q

What is the main function of leydig cells?

A

Hormone synthesis

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22
Q

What hormones do the ovaries produce?

A

Oestrogens (oestradiol, oesterone, oestriol)

Progesterone

Androgens (testosterone, androstenedione, DHEA)

Relaxin

Inhibin

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23
Q

What is menarche?

A

Beginning of the female period

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24
Q

What can be tested if it is suspected a female is infertile?

A

Progesterone levels or look for a corpus luteum via ultrasound (both display wether or not a female is ovulating)

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25
What are the 2 main cell types of the ovary?
Theca (outer part of follicle) | Granulosa (inner part of follicles)
26
What happens in women if there is overproduction of androgens?
PCOS
27
What enzyme converts testosterone to oestradiol?
Aromatase
28
Describe the hypothalamic pituitary gland axis for production of oestrogen/progesterone/androgens
Kisspeptin, GnRH, LH/FSH, gonads then hormones
29
What is hyperprolactinaemia and what physiological changes does it cause?
Too much proclactin due to pituitary tumor, prolactin binds to kisspeptin neurone inhibiting kisspeptin release so lower GnRH/LH/FSH/Test/oestr
30
What are symptoms of hyperprolactinaemia?
Oligo-amenorrhea, low libido, infertility, osteoporosis
31
What is oligomenorrhea?
Periods that are more than 35 days apart
32
A drop in what hormone causes bleeding on day one of the period?
Progesterone
33
What does the spermatic chord contain?
``` Testicular artery Pampiniform plexus Autonomic and GF nerves Lymph vessels Vas deferens ```
34
How many seminiferous tubules are there and how many lobules?
1-4 tubules | 300 lobules
35
Describe male gonads
Begins at puberty and continues for life, spermatoginia undergo differentiation and self renewal
36
Describe female gonads
Around 6 million oogonia per ovary Primary oocytes form within ovarian follicles At birth around 2 million per ovary At puberty less than half a million remain
37
Describe spermatogenesis
Spermatogonium undergoes mitosis to form primary spermatocytes 1st meiotic division forms secondary spermatocytes 2nd meiotic division forms spermatids Spermatids mature to spermatozoa Spermatogonium and primary spermatocytes are diploid, secondary spermatocytes, spermatids and spermatozoa are haploid
38
What hormones do sertoli cells produce?
Inhibin and activin ( +ve/-ve on FSH) Anti-mullerian hormone (AMH) Androgen binding protein (ABP)
39
How hormones fo leydig cells produce? When do they produce these hormones?
Produce androgens: Testosterone Androstenedione DHEA These are produced in response to LH stimulation
40
Describe oogenesis
Oogonium undergoes mitosis to form primary oocytes These undergo 1st meiotic division to form secondary oocytes and 2 first polar bodies These undergo 2nd meiotic division to form ootids and 2 second polar bodies Ootids differentiate to form ova Oogonium and primary oocytes are diploid, secondary oocytes, ootids and ova are haploid
41
What happens to oogonia in the 2nd trimester of pregnancy?
They all develop into primary oocytes
42
Where is oogenesis halted before menarche?
Before the first meiotic division, this only happens after periods start
43
Describe folliculogenesis
1. Premordial follicle (primary oocyte at birth) 2. Primary follicle- primary oocyte and layers of granulosa cells and outer theca cells 3. Secondary follicle- fluid filled cavity (antrum) develops, has FSH/LH receptors 4. Mature follicle- forms due to LH surge, secondary oocyte formed 5. Ruptures surface of ovary 6. Corpus luteum
44
What is the function of theca cells?
Support folliculogenesis- structural and nutritional support of growing follicle Hormone synthesis- LH stimulates synthesis of androgens
45
What is the function of granulosa cells?
Hormone synthesis- FSH stimulates granulosa cells to convert androgens to oestrogens via aromatase, also secrete inhibin and activin which have effects on FSH After ovulation- turn into granulosa leutin cells that produce progesterone as negative feedback to allow maintenance of endometrium during pregnancy as well as relaxin that helps the the endometrium prepare for pregnancy and softens pelvic ligaments/cervix)
46
What is primary vs secondary amenorrhea?
Primary: when you’ve never had a period Secondary: had a period and have not had a period for 6 months
47
What are some causes of amenorrhea?
``` Stress Poor nutrition Weight loss (Premature) menopause Any disruption of the hypothalamo-pituitary-gonado axis Pregnancy PCOS Hyperthyroid (maybe hypothyroid) ```
48
What is the most common cause of hyperprolactinemia?
Prolactinoma (tumor)
49
Where does steroidogenesis occour in males?
Leydig cells
50
Where does steroidogenesis occour in females?
Theca and granulosa cells
51
Describe the hypothalamic pituitary gland axis for reproduction
Kisspeptin is produced in the hypothalamus Kisspeptin causes release of gonadotrophin releasing hormone GnRH binds to receptors in the anterior pituitary gland causing release of LH/FSH LH/FSH bind to gonads Target hormones oestrogen/progesterone/androgen are released
52
How is GnRH released?
Via pulsar release
53
How does GnRH travel to the anterior pituitary?
Via hypophyseal portal circulation
54
How do testosterone and oestrogen undertake negative feedback in the HPG axis?
They stop release of LH/FSH from the anterior pituitary as well as kisspeptin release from kisspeptin neurones
55
What is the method by which testosterone and oestrogen are released?
Dional release ie released in the morning
56
What hormone has an effect on the HPG axis and how?
Prolactin- it binds to kisspeptin releasing neurones so kisspeptin release is inhibited. This decreases downstream GnRH/LH/FSH/Testosterone
57
Why does bleeding occour on day 1 of the menstrual cycle?
Due to a drop in progesterone levels
58
Around what day of the menstrual cycle does ovulation occour and why?
Day 14 due to an LH surge
59
How many days or longer does an average menstrual cycle have to be for a female to be considered to have oligomenarrhea?
35 days or more
60
What 2 subcycles does the ovarian cycle comprise of?
The ovarian cycle and the uterine cycle
61
Describe the ovarian cycle
Follicular phase (primary/secondary/mature follicle) Ovulation Luteal phase (corpus luteum dies if theres no pregnancy)
62
What are the 3 phases of the uterine cycle
Menstrual phase Proliferative phase Secretory phase
63
Why does body temp rise slightly after ovulation?
Due to progesterone
64
Where is testosterone synthesised?
Leydig cells
65
What cells is inhibin secreted from?
Sertoli cells
66
What cells does testosterone promote the action of?
Sertoli cells

BRS Y1 (52 decks)

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