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BRS Y1 > Week 3- Pituitary Gland > Flashcards

Week 3- Pituitary Gland Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 2 main hormones?

A

Peptide and steroid

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2
Q

What are peptide hormones synthesized as?

A

Prohormones

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3
Q

What are steroid hormones synthesized as?

A

A series of reactions from cholesterol

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4
Q

How are peptide hormones stored?

A

In vesicles

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5
Q

How are steroid hormones stored?

A

They aren’t, they get released immediately

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6
Q

What tissue does the anterior pituitary gland contain?

A

Glandular (NOT neural)

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7
Q

What 5 types of endocrine cells make up the anterior pituitary?

A 
Somatotrophs
Lactotrophs 
Corticotrophs
Thyrotrophs 
Gonadotrophs
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8
Q

What hormone do somatotrophs release?

A

Growth hormone (somatotropin)

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9
Q

What hormone do lactotrophs release?

A

Prolactin

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10
Q

What hormone do thyrotrophs release?

A

Thyroid stimulating hormone

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11
Q

What hormone do gonadotropes release release?

A

LH/FSH

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12
Q

What hormone do corticotrophs release?

A

ACTH (adrenocorticotrophic hormone)

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13
Q

What is the releasing component of the growth hormone?

A

Growth hormone releasing hormone

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14
Q

What is the inhibiting component of the growth hormone?

A

Somatostatin

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15
Q

What is the inhibiting component of prolactin?

A

Dopamine

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16
Q

What is the releasing component of TSH?

A

Thyrotropin releasing hormone

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17
Q

What is the releasing component of LH/FSH?

A

Gonadotrophin releasing hormone

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18
Q

What is the releasing component of ACTH?

A

Corticotrophin releasing hormone and Argenine vasopressin

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19
Q

Where are growth hormone receptors found?

A

Liver, muscle and skeleton

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20
Q

Where are prolactin receptors found?

A

Breast

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21
Q

Where are thyrotropin receptors found?

A

Thyroid

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22
Q

Where are gonadotrophin receptors found?

A

Testes for men

Ovaries for women

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23
Q

Where are corticotrophin receptors found?

A

Adrenal glands

24
Q

What is bitemporal hemianopia?

A

Loss of temporal part of visual field due to a pituitary tumor squashing the optic chiasm

25
Q

What does reduced dopamine do in reference to milk production?

A

More prolactin is produced so milk is produced

26
Q

What does binding of growth hormone to liver receptors stimulate the production of?

A

Insulin-like growth factor (IGF 1 is the main one but also IGF 2)

27
Q

What are the 2 mechanisms of action of growth hormone?

A
  1. Binding directly to receptors in muscles/skeleton

2. Binding to liver receptors causing production of IGF

28
Q

What is the condition where there is excess growth hormone in children? Describe the symptoms

A

Gigantism- child grows very tall

29
Q

What is the condition where there is excess growth hormone in adults? Describe the symptoms

A

Acromegaly- bigger nose, tongue, feet, hands etc (small changes over time)

30
Q

What are the 2 posterior pituitary hormones?

A 
Arginine vasopressin (AVP aka anti diuretic hormone)
Oxytocin
31
Q

What does vasopressin do?

A

Stimulation of water reabsorption in collecting duct, concentrating urine

32
Q

Which receptor does vasopressin work through? Where is the receptor found?

A

V2 receptor in kidney collecting duct

33
Q

What are the 2 main physiological actions of oxytocin?

A
  1. In the delivery of the baby (uterus at parturition causes contraction of myometrial cells)
  2. In milk ejection (causes contraction of myoepithelial cells in the breast during lactation)
34
Q

How do peptide hormones act on receptors?

A

Receptors are found on the cell membrane and transduce signal using 2nd messenger systems

35
Q

How do steroid hormones act on receptors?

A

They bind to intracellular receptors and directly change gene expression

36
Q

What is a hormone?

A

A chemical messenger that is carried from the organ where it’s produced to the organ it affects by the bloodstream

37
Q

How are hormones carried from place to place?

A

Bloodstream

38
Q

What are the 5 components of the anterior pituitary gland?

A 
Optic chiasm
Pars tuberalis 
Pars intermedia
Pars distalis
Sella turcica of the sphenoid bone
39
Q

What are the 5 complements of the posterior pituitary gland?

A 
Hypothalamus
Mammillary body
Pars nervosa
Infundibulum
Median eminence
40
Q

What neurons regulate anterior pituitary function?

A

Hypothalamic parvocellular neurones

41
Q

What do hypothalamic parvocellular neurons do and where do they terminate?

A

They terminate in the median eminence and release hypothalamic releasing/inhibitory factors into the capillary plexus of the median eminence. These factors are carried by portal circulation to the anterior pituitary

42
Q

What is the anterior pituitary gland regulated by and via what system?

A

Hypothalamic releasing/inhibiting factors via the hypohyseal pituitary portal system

43
Q

Describe how the hypothalamo-pituitary system works

A

Axon terminals of neurosecretpry cells release hormones (RHs and IHs) into the hypothalamo-pituitary portal system

RHs and IHs travel in the portal system to the anterior pituitary

They stimulate or inhibit the release of hormones from anterior pituitary cells

Anterior pituitary hormones leave the gland via blood

44
Q

Where is the optic chiasm found?

A

Right on top of the pituitary gland

45
Q

Where is dopamine released from?

A

Dopaminergenic neurons

46
Q

What is the posterior pituitary a continuation of?

A

The hypothalamus

47
Q

Where do hypothalamic magnocellular neurons originate?

A

In the supraoptic and paraventricular hypothalamic nuclei

48
Q

Describe the regulation of the posterior pituitary gland

A

2 sets of hypothalamic neurosecretory cells produce AVP and oxytocin and transport the, to the posterior pituitary

Excitation of magnocellular neurons stimulates the release of AVP or oxytocin into the posterior pituitary where they diffuse into blood capillaries

49
Q

What is the action of vasopressin via V1 receptor?

A

A vasoconstrictor that stimulates ACTH release from anterior pituitary

50
Q

What does oxytocin do in the milk production pathway and via what pathway is it released?

A

Mechanical stimulation of the nipple causing oxytocin release via ascending sensory pathways, increase of plasma oxytocin increases milk ejection in mammary glands

51
Q

What is the difference in action of prolactin vs oxytocin in regards to lactation

A

Prolactin: stimulates milk production

Oxytocin: stimulates milk ejection

52
Q

What is the alternative name for the anterior pituitary?

A

Adenohypophysis

53
Q

What is an alternative name for the posterior pituitary gland?

A

Neurohypophysis

54
Q

What is the stalk like process that connects the hypothalamus and the pituitary?

A

Infundibulum

55
Q

What is the peptide precursor to ACTH?

A

Proopiomelanocortin

56
Q

What is the source of inhibitory or stimulatory signals that affect the pituitary?

A

Hypothalamus

57
Q

Usually what is the cause of acromegaly?

A

Pituitary adenoma

BRS Y1 (52 decks)

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