Week 6- Intro to Rheumatology

Question 1

What type of cells do connective tissue come from?

Answer 1

Mesenchyme

Question 2

What does the ECM of connective tissue comprise of?

Answer 2

Ground substance (macromolecules and multi adhesive glycoproteins)
Fibres (reticular, elastic, collagen)

Question 3

What are the 3 components of connective tissue?

Answer 3

Cells
Fibres
Ground substance

Question 4

What are some characteristics of connective tissue?

Answer 4

Doesnt occur on free surfaces
Has a nerve supply (except cartilage)
Highly vascular (except cartilage and tendons)

Question 5

What is the ground substance in connective tissue?

Answer 5

Between cells and fibers, supports cells, binds them together

Question 6

What are the 3 types of fibers in connective tissue and their characteristics

Answer 6

Collagen- strong, resistant, made of collagen
Elastic fibers- smaller in diameter, made of elastin
Reticular fibers- made of collagen and have a glycoprotein coating, support blood vessel walls

Question 7

What are fibroblasts?

Answer 7

Large flat cells, migrate through tissue secreting the fibers and ground substance

Question 8

What are macrophages?

Answer 8

Perform phagocytosis, develop from WBCs

Question 9

What are mast cells?

Answer 9

Found alongside blood vessels that supply connective tissue and produce histamine which dilates blood vessels

Question 10

Whats the main function of fibers in connective tissue?

Answer 10

Provide strength and support to connective tissue

Question 11

What are the 4 main types of connective tissue?

Answer 11

Proper (loose and dense, w dense having more collagen)
Cartilage (hyaline, elastic, fibrocartilage)
Bone tissue (spongy and compact)
Blood (complex)

Question 12

What are the 3 types of cartilage

Answer 12

Hyaline, fribrocartilage, elastic

Question 13

What are the 2 types of proper connective tissue?

Answer 13

Loose

Dense

Question 14

What are the 3 types of loose connective tissue proper?

Answer 14

Areolar
Adipose
Reticular

Question 15

What are the 3 types of dense connective tissue proper?

Answer 15

Regular, irregular and elastic

Question 16

What is the function of connective tissue proper?

Answer 16

Binding tissue, resists mechanical stress

Question 17

What is special about cartilage?

Answer 17

It is avascular and has no nerve supply

Question 18

What are the 2 cell types in cartilage and when are they present?

Answer 18

Chondroblasts (when cartilage is growing)

Chondrocytes

Question 19

What is the function of cartilage?

Answer 19

Strengthen and support connective tissue, resist compression and cushion/support body structures

Question 20

What is the most common type of cartilage?

Answer 20

Hyaline

Question 21

Describe hyaline cartilage

Answer 21

Weakest of the 3 types, found at end of long bones to cushion joint and at epiphyseal plates

Question 22

Describe fibrocartilage

Answer 22

Strongest of the 3 types, found in intervertebral discs, chondrocytes scattered among visible bundles of collagen fibers

Question 23

Describe elastic cartilage

Answer 23

Chondrocytes located in a threadlike network of elastic fibers, provides strength, elasticity and maintains shapes of structures eg ear

Question 24

What are the 2 types of bone tissue

Answer 24

Compact

Spongy

Question 25

What does spongy bone tissue have that compact bone tissue doesnt have?

Answer 25

Trabeculae- columns of bone with spaces filled with red bone marrow

Question 26

What is special about the matrix of blood?

Answer 26

It is liquid (plasma)

Question 27

What is special about blood compared to other types of connective tissue?

Answer 27

It has no fibers

Question 28

What is rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer 28

Autoimmune disorder affecting joints where they are warm, swollen and painful, w symptoms being worse after rest, 3 things to remember: Affects small joints Affects multiple joints Is symmetrical

Question 29

What is systemic lupus erythematosus?

Answer 29

Autoimmune disorder affecting multiple organ systems and joints

Question 30

What is vasculitis?

Answer 30

A group of disorders that destroy blood vessels via inflammation

Question 31

What are the 2 types of arthritis?

Answer 31

Rheumatoid and osteo

Question 32

What happens to joints in rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer 32

Synovial membrane becomes swollen and inflamed Bone is eroded Cartilage wears away

Question 33

What factor causes changes in cells in rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer 33

Interleukin 17

Question 34

What are some differences between rheumatoid and osteoarthritis?

Answer 34

Rheumatoid: inflammatory, autoantibodies, small joints affected Osteoarthritis: degenerative, no antibodies, affects large weight bearing joints

Question 35

What joints in the finger are affected in RA?

Answer 35

PIP joints

Question 36

What changes are seen in the hands in RA?

Answer 36

Ulnar deviation | Swan necking

Question 37

What are some extraarticular (not to do w joints) manifestions of RA?

Answer 37

Nodules at the elbows/hands | Fibrosis of the lungs

Question 38

What changes are seen on x rays in RA?

Answer 38

Swelling of soft tissue Loss of joint space Erosions Subluxation (deformity/dislocation of joints)

Question 39

What exercise is recommended for patients with rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer 39

ROM, conditioning and strengthening

Question 40

What medicines are prescribed for RA?

Answer 40

Analgesics Anti inflammatorys Immunosupressive Cytotoxic

Question 41

What are DMARs? Give examples of the main ones

Answer 41

Disease modifying anti rheumatic drugs (leflunomide, methotrexane, hydroxycholoroquine, sulfasanaside) They are immunosupressants

Question 42

How do biological therapies work?

Answer 42

By working on specific biological targets

Question 43

Give an example of a biological therapy for RA

Answer 43

Etanercept

Question 44

What are some symptoms of SLE?

Answer 44

``` Alopecia Arthralgia Oral ulcers Photosensitivity Malar rash ```

Question 45

What are symptoms of scleroderma?

Answer 45

Reflux | Raynaud’s digital ulcerations