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BRS Y1 > Week 7- Ventilation and Gas Exchange > Flashcards

Week 7- Ventilation and Gas Exchange Flashcards

1
Q

What is a capacity?

A

The sum of two or more volumes

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2
Q

What is a volume?

A

Discrete sections of a lung function graph that dont overlap

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3
Q

What is minute ventilation and what is the formula for calculating it?

A

Gas entering and leaving the lungs

Tidal volume x breathing frequency

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4
Q

What is alveolar ventilation and what is the formula for calculating it?

A

Gas entering and leaving the alveoli

(Tidal volume - dead space) x breathing frequency

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5
Q

What is the usual minute ventilation?

A

6L/min

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6
Q

What is the usual alveolar ventilation?

A

4.2 L/min

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7
Q

What factors affect lung volumes and capacities?

A 
Body size
Fitness
Age
Disease
Sex
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8
Q

What is the conducting zone?

A

Equivalent to dead space, no gas exchange occours, 16 generation

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9
Q

What is the respiratory zone?

A

Alveolar ventilation where gas exchange occours, around 7 generations

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10
Q

What are non perfused parenchyma?

A

Alveolar dead space- alveoli without a blood supply, no gas exchange

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11
Q

How can dead space volume be decreased?

A

Tracheostomy

Cricothyrocotomy

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12
Q

How can dead space volume be increased?

A

Aneasthetic circuit

Snorkelling

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13
Q

What membrane are the lungs surrounded by?

A

Visceral pleural membrane

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14
Q

What is the inner surface of the chest wall covered by?

A

Parietal pleural membrane

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15
Q

What is negative pressure breathing?

A

P alv is below P atm

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16
Q

What is positive pressure breathing?

A

P alv is above P atm

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17
Q

What type of breathing is normal breathing?

A

Negative pressure breathing

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18
Q

What is the gap between pleural membranes called?

A

The pleural cavity

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19
Q

Describe the pleural cavity

A

Has a fixed volume, contains protein rich pleural fluid

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20
Q

What is transmural pressure

A

Pressure inside membrane - pressure outside the membrane

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21
Q

What is Daltons law?

A

Pressure of a gas mixture is equal to the sum of the partial pressures of gases in that mixture

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22
Q

What is Ficks law?

A

Molecules diffuse from a region of high conc to low conc at a rate proportional to the conc gradient, exchange surface area, diffusion capacity of the gas and inversely proportional to the thickness of the exchange surface

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23
Q

What is Henrys law?

A

At a constant temp the amount of a given gas that dissolves in a given type and volume of liquid is directly proportional to the partial pressure of the gas in equilibrium with that liquid

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24
Q

What is Boyles law?

A

At a constant pressure, the volume of a gas is inversely proportional to the pressure of the gas

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25
Q

What is Charles’ law?

A

At a constant pressure the volume of a gas is proportional to the temperature of that gas

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26
Q

What happens to gas as it moves down the airways?

A

Air is warmed, humidified, slowed and mixed

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27
Q

What is oxygen delivery at rest?

A

16 mL/min

28
Q

What resting volume of oxygen do humans require?

A

250 mL/min

29
Q

Describe haemoglobin

A

Ferrous iron ion (fe2+)
Ion at center of a tetrapyrole porphyrin ring
Protein chain (globin) is covalently bonded at the proximal histamine residue

30
Q

What type of protein is Hb?

A

Allosteric

31
Q

What chemical helps Hb offload oxygen and how?

A

2,3 DPG, it makes Hb more tense

32
Q

What triggers more oxygen offloading?

A

Increased temp
Acidosis
Hypercapnia
Increased 2,3- DPG

33
Q

What triggers more oxygen loading?

A

Decreased temperature
Alkalosis
Hypocapnia
Less 2,3- DPG

34
Q

What is the medical term for difficulty in breathing?

A

Dyspnoea

35
Q

What is the medical term for cessation of breathing?

A

Apnoea

36
Q

What is the medical term for an abnormally slow breathing rate?

A

Bradypnoea

37
Q

What is the medical term for an abnormally fast breathing rate?

A

Tachypnoea

38
Q

Define anatomical dead space

A

The capacity of airways incapable of undertaking gas exchange

39
Q

What is hyperpnoea?

A

Increased depth of breathing to meet metabolic demand

40
Q

What is hypopnoea?

A

Decreased depth of breathing insufficient of meeting metabolic demand

41
Q

What is the medical name for positional difficulty in breathing?

A

Orthopnoea

42
Q

What 2 volumes added together give inspiratory capacity?

A

Tidal volume and inspiratory reserve volume

43
Q

What 3 volumes added together give vital capacity?

A

Inspiratory reserve volume
Tidal volume
Expiratory reserve volume

44
Q

What 2 volumes added together give functional residual capacity?

A

Expiratory reserve volume

Residual volume

45
Q

What 4 volumes added together give total lung capacity?

A

Inspiratory reserve volume
Tidal volume
Expiratory reserve volume
Residual volume

46
Q

During inspiration is chest or lung recoil greater?

A

Chest recoil

47
Q

During expiration is chest or lung recoil greater?

A

Lung recoil

48
Q

What is pneumothorax?

A

Perforated chest wall

49
Q

What does a negative transrespiratory pressure lead to?

A

Inspiration

50
Q

What does a positive transmural pressure lead to?

A

Expiration

51
Q

What does FEV1 resemble?

A

The proportion of vital capacity that is exhaled in the first second

52
Q

Rank the gases from least to most abundant in air out of argon, oxygen, carbon dioxide, nitrogen

A

Carbon dioxide
Argon
Oxygen
Nitrogen

53
Q

Describe oxygen binging to haemoglobin

A

The first O2 molecule has a low affinity to bind but as each O2 molecule binds affinity increases as the haemoglobin becomes more relaxed

54
Q

What does a high heart rate with saturated arterial blood indicate?

A

An oxygen delivery problem

55
Q

What is the Bohr shift?

A

A rightwards shift of the oxygen dissociation curve

56
Q

Why may the oxygen dissociation curve shift downwards?

A

Due to impaired oxygen carrying capacity eg anaemia

57
Q

What would a downwards and inwards shift of the oxygen dissociation curve suggest?

A

Decreased capacity and increased affinity eg increased HbCO

58
Q

How do the affinities of foetal Hb and myoglobin to oxygen differ from normal haemoglobin

A

Both have a higher affinity

59
Q

When RBCs reach the lungs how saturated are they?

A

75%

60
Q

What do carbon dioxide and water combine to give in blood vessels?

A

Carbonic acid

61
Q

In RBCs what enzyme helps form carbonic acid from carbon dioxide and water?

A

Carbonic anhydrase

62
Q

When carbonic acid dissociates, what does the H+ help form?

A

Carboaminohaemoglobin

63
Q

What is pulmonary transit time?

A

The time it takes for a molecule of Hb to cross the gas exchange surface

64
Q

What effect does type 1 diabetes have on the oxygen dissociation curve and why?

A

Moves it to the right due to ketoacidosis (increased acidity)

65
Q

What effect dies increased tidal volume have on the conc of oxygen dissolved in the blood?

A

Increases the conc of oxygen dissolved in the blood

BRS Y1 (52 decks)

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