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BRS Y1 > Week 4- Endocrinology of Pregnancy > Flashcards

Week 4- Endocrinology of Pregnancy Flashcards

1
Q

What hormone causes tubular fluid reabsorbtion?

A

Oestrogen

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2
Q

What hormone causes secretion of nutrients & glycoproteins into epididymal fluid?

A

Androgens

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3
Q

What should you always do if you see a female of reproductive age with abdominal pain?

A

A pregnancy test (it may be an eptopic pregnancy)

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4
Q

What is ejaculated in the semen?

A

Spermatozoa (15/120 million per mill)
Seminal fluid (2-5 ml)
Leucocytes
Potentially viruses

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5
Q

What happens during capacitation of sperm?

A

Loss of glycoprotein coat
Change in surface membrane characteristics
Develop whiplash movements of tail

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6
Q

Where does capacitation of sperm occour?

A

Fallopian tube

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7
Q

What 2 molecules is capacitation dependent on?

A

Oestrogen and calcium

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8
Q

What are the 2 phases of implantation?

A

Attachment: outer trophoblast cells contact uterine surface epithelium

Decidualisation phase: changes in underlying uterine stromal tissue

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9
Q

What hormones does implantation require?

A

Requires progesterone domination in presence of oestrogen

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10
Q

What is the sperm receptor on the surface of ova called?

A

ZP3

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11
Q

What is the layer on the ova that the sperm penetrates called and what is it made of?

A

A glycoprotein layer called the zona pellucida

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12
Q

What is the reaction called when the sperm penetrates the egg?

A

Acrosome reaction

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13
Q

Describe the acrosome reaction

A

Sperm binds to ZP3 receptor

Ca2+ influx into the sperm stimulated by progesterone

Sperm releases hyaluronidase and proteolytic enzymes from acrosome

Spermatozoon penetrates the zona pellucida

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14
Q

Where does fertilisation occour?

A

Fallopian tubes

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15
Q

What reaction does fertilisation trigger?

A

Cortical reaction

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16
Q

Describe the cortical reaction and its purpose

A

Upon fertilisation, cortical granules release molecules that degrade the zona pellucida so there are no ZP3 receptors and further sperm cant bind

17
Q

Around what day does the blastocyst implant?

A

Day 8-9 after fertilisation

18
Q

What is the fertilized egg called as its developing before it becomes a blastocyst?

A

Conceptus

19
Q

What are the 2 phases of implantation? Describe them

A

Attachement phase: outer trophoblast cells contact the uterine surface epithelium

Decidualisation phase: changes in underlying uterine stromal tissue

20
Q

What hormone does implantation require?

A

Progesterone dominating in the presence of oestrogen

21
Q

What are the 2 main chemicals involved in blastocyst attachment and what do they do?

A

LIF (leukemia inhibitory factor)- from endometrial cells and stimulates adhesion of blastocyst to endometrial cells

IL11 (interleukin 11)- also from endometrial cells, released into uterine fluid and aids attachment

22
Q

What is decidualisation?

A

Endometrial changes due to progesterone including:

Glandular epithelial secretion
Glycogen accumulation in stromal cell cytoplasm
Growth of capillaries
Increased vascular permeability (could lead to oedema)

23
Q

What chemicals are involved with decidualisation?

A

Progesterone, IL11, histamine, TGFb

24
Q

Where does hCG come from?

A

Comes from placenta

25
Q

How do hCG levels change during pregnancy?

A

Rise in a spike from week 0 to 10 then fall

26
Q

How do progesterone levels change during pregnancy?

A

Rise from week 0, peak at around week 35 then fall by week 40

27
Q

How do oestrogen levels change during pregnancy? How do they compare to progesterone levels?

A

Rise constantly throughout to peak by week 40 then fall, always lower than progesterone levels

28
Q

How do human placental lactogen levels change during pregnancy? How do they compare to progesterone and oestrogen levels?

A

Rise throughout to peak in week 40 then drop, always lower than progesterone and oestrogen

29
Q

Where are oestrogen and progesterone produced during pregnancy?

A

First 40 days: corpus luteum in ovary, stimulated by hCG (acts on LH receptors)

After day 40: placenta starts to take over

30
Q

What is the substrate for oestrogen and progesterone?

A

DHEA

31
Q

Why are oestrogen and progesterone important during pregnancy?

A

They are essential for the developing fetoplacental unit, they also inhibit maternal LH and FSH (via negative feedback)

32
Q 
For each of the following hormones describe wether they increase or decrease during pregnancy:
Gonadotrophins
Iodothyronines
Prolactin
PTH related peptides
Pituitary gland GH
TSH
ACTH
Adrenal steroids
IGF1
A 
Gonadotrophins- decrease
Iodothyronines-increase
Prolactin-increase
PTH related peptides-increase
Pituitary gland GH-decrease
TSH-decrease
ACTH-increase
Adrenal steroids-increase
IGF1-increase
33
Q

Which hormone cannot be tested for during pregnancy if a pituitary tumor is suspected? What test is performed instead?

A

Prolactin- usually prolactinemia causes higher prolactin levels but women have higher levels anyway due to the preganancy

Instead a visual fields test is performed as the tumor causes bitemporal hemanopia

34
Q

What is the function of PTH related peptides have during pregnancy?

A

Calcium mobilisation for development of fetal skeleton

35
Q

Where is oxytocin released from and what does it do?

A

Released from the posterior pituitary gland, causes milk ejection, cervical dilatation and uterine contraction

36
Q

Describe the endocrine control of lactation when the nipple is stimulated?

A

Afferent pathways are stimulated

Afferent signals in the hypothalamus stimulate oxytocin releasing activity and inhibit dopamine release

Reduced dopamine causes less inhibition of lactotrophs in the anterior pituitary

Plasma oxytocin and prolactin levels rise, stimulating milk ejection from mamillary glands

BRS Y1 (52 decks)

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