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BRS Y1 > Week 7- The Cardiac Cycle > Flashcards

Week 7- The Cardiac Cycle Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 2 main phases of the cardiac cycle?

A

Diastole- ventricular relaxation (has 4 phases)

Systole- ventricular contraction (has 3 phases)

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2
Q

What is the stroke volume?

A

End diastolic volume - end systolic volume

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3
Q

What is the equation for ejection fraction?

A

Stroke volume divided by end diastolic volume

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4
Q

What happens to ejection fraction in those with breathlessness?

A

It is lower (around 30%)

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5
Q

What wave on an ECG signifies the start of atrial systole?

A

P wave

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6
Q

What could an abnormal 4th heart sound indicate?

A

Congestive heart failure, pulmonary embolism or tricuspid incompetence

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7
Q

What marks the start of ventricular depolarisation?

A

QRS complex

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8
Q

What is the isovolumetric contraction?

A

The interval between AV valves closing and semi lunar valves opening- contraction of ventricles with no change in volume

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9
Q

What causes the first heart sound?

A

The closure of the AV valves

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10
Q

What which phase of the cardiac cycle is there no heart sound?

A

Rapid ejection

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11
Q

State the phases of the cardiac cycle

A 
Atrial systole
Isovolumetric contraction
Rapid ejection
Reduced ejection
Isovolumetric relaxation
Rapid passive filling
Reduced passive filling
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12
Q

What marks the start of rapid ejection?

A

Opening of aortic and pulmonary valves

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13
Q

What phase does reduced ejection mark the end of?

A

Systole

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14
Q

What happens during reduced ejection?

A

Aortic and pulmonary valves begin to close, blood flow from ventricles decreases and ventricular volume slowly decreases causing semilunar valves to close

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15
Q

What happens during isovolumetric relaxation?

A

AV valves remain shut until atrial pressure exceeds ventricular pressure

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16
Q

What causes the dichrotic notch?

A

Rebound pressure against aortic valve as distended aortic valve relaxes

17
Q

What causes the 2nd heart sound?

A

Closure of the semilunar valves in isovolumetric relxation

18
Q

When does rapid passive filling happen?

A

During the isoelectric flat between cardiac cycles

19
Q

What is rapid passive filling?

A

When AV valves open blood in atria flows rapidly into ventricles

20
Q

What may a 3rd heart sound indicate?

A

Turbulent ventricular filling due to hypertension or mitral incompetence

21
Q

What is reduced passive filling known as?

A

Diastasis

22
Q

What is atrial systole?

A

When the atria is almost full from passive filling due to pressure gradient, it contracts to top up blood volume in the ventricle

23
Q

What is peak systole in the pulmonary artery?

A

25 mmHg

24
Q

What is the difference in volume pumped out by the right side of the heart vs the left?

A

There is no difference in volume only in pressure generated

25
Q

What is the pressure in the systemic circuit?

A

120/80 mmHg

26
Q

Where is the preload encountered on the pressure volume loop?

A

During diastole when blood fills the ventricle and stretches the resting ventricular muscle

27
Q

In the pressure volume loop what represents the afterload?

A

Blood pressure in the aorta and pulmonary artery

28
Q

What does increased afterload do to stroke volume and why?

A

Decreases stroke volume because as afterload increases the amount of shortening that occours decreases

29
Q

Define cardiac output

A

Contractile capability of the heart

30
Q

What is the equation for cardiac output?

A

Heart rate x stroke volume

31
Q

How is cardiac output measured?

A

Ejection fraction

32
Q

How is cardiac output increased?

A

Sympathetic stimulation which can be hormonal (circulating adrenaline) or neural (noradrenaline from nerves)

33
Q

What is cardiac output at rest?

A

4/5 L a minute

34
Q

What is normal heart rate at rest?

A

60-100 bpm

BRS Y1 (52 decks)

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