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GINME > Week 8: Endocrine Pathology > Flashcards

Week 8: Endocrine Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

Features of endocrine glands

A
  • Lack ducts
  • Secrete biologically active products into the blood
  • Deliver hormones to target cells via receptors throughout the body
  • Feedback mechanism to control hormone secretion
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2
Q

Features of exocrine glands

A
  • Have ducts
  • maintain contact with body surface through a duct
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3
Q

List of Endocrine organs

8 listed

A
  • pituitary gland
  • Thyroid
  • Parathyroid
  • Adrenal gland
  • Pancreas
  • Ovaries
  • Testicles
  • pineal gland
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4
Q

Pituitary gland parts

A
  • Adenohypohysis (anterior part)
  • Neurohypohysis (posterior part)
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5
Q

Anterior pituitary secretes

6 listed

A
  • ACTH
  • GH
  • FSH
  • LH
  • TSH
  • Prolactin
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6
Q

Posterior pituitary secretes

2 listed

A
  • Oxytocin
  • ADH
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7
Q

Adenohyphohysis

A

anterior pituitary

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8
Q

Neurohyphohysis

A

Posterior pituitary

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9
Q

Parts of the neurohyphohysis

A

Pars Nervosa

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10
Q

Adenohyphohysis parts

3 listed

A
  • Pars Tuberalis
  • Pars Intermediate
  • Pars Tuberalis
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11
Q

Anterior pituitary cell types

A
  • Acidophil cells
  • Basophils
  • Chromophobes
  • capillaries
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12
Q

Pituitary adenomas are composed of?

A

neoplastic pituitary cells

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13
Q

Pituitary adenomas characteristics

A
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14
Q

WHO classifications of Pituitary Adenomas

A
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15
Q

Prolactin secreting adenomas symptoms

A
  • Hyperprolactinemia
  • lactation
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16
Q

GH secreting adenomas symptoms

A
  • Acromegaly
  • Gigantism
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17
Q

ACTH secreting adenomas symptoms

A

Cushing’s Disease

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18
Q

TSH secreting adenomas symptoms

A

Secondary thyrotoxicosis

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19
Q

Normal vs pituitary adenoma

A
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20
Q

Normal pituitary vs pituitary adenoma histology and the reticulin stain

A

reticulin is fragmented

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21
Q

Pituitary adenoma and serological staining

A
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22
Q

Thyroid gland congenital absence

A

irreversible neurological damage in the infant (cretinism)

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23
Q

Thyroid gland characterisitcs

A
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24
Q

The thyroid gland is composed of?

A

Millions of rounded epithelial thyroid follicles of variable diameter

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25
Q

Thyroid function

A

Synthesizes the thyroid hormones

  • Thyroxine (T4)
  • Tri-iodothyronine (T3)
  • Polypeptide hormone Calcitonin

Stores large quantities of product for up to 3 months without further synthesis

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26
Q

Thyroid histology

A
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27
Q

Thyroid histology

A
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28
Q

Thyroid histology

A
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29
Q

Thyroid histology

A
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30
Q

Features of thyroid gland histology

A
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31
Q

What is Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis?

A
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32
Q

Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis Histological features

A
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33
Q

Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis Histological features

A
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34
Q

Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis Histological features

A
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35
Q

Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis Histological features

A
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36
Q

What is Grave’s Disease?

A
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37
Q

Grave’s Disease histological features

A
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38
Q

Grave’s Disease histological features

A
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39
Q

Grave’s Disease histological features

A
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40
Q

What is multinodular goiter?

A
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41
Q

Multinodular goiter histological features

A
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42
Q

Multinodular goiter histological features

A
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43
Q

Multinodular goiter histological features

A
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44
Q

Multinodular goiter histological features

A
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45
Q

Describe thyroid cancers

A

Papillary thyroid cancer is the most common and is most common in females with a very good survival

W/ a gritty dystrophic calcifications are common

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46
Q

Papillary thyroid carcinoma histological features

A
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47
Q

Papillary thyroid carcinoma histological features

A
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48
Q

Papillary thyroid carcinoma histological features

A
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49
Q

Papillary thyroid carcinoma histological features

A
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50
Q

Papillary thyroid carcinoma histological features

A
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51
Q

Parathyroid glands characteristics

A

there are 4 of them (2 on each lobe) (2 superior and 2 inferior)

52
Q

PArathyroid gland cell types

A
53
Q

Parathyroid glands secrete

A

PTH to maintain the concentration of Ca2+ within normal limits

54
Q

Parathyroid gland adenoma vs hyperplasia

A
55
Q

Parathyroid adenoma histological features

A

1 enlarged parathyroid gland

56
Q

Parathyroid hyperplasia histological features

A

all of them are proliferative

57
Q

Hypercellular parathyroid histological features

A
58
Q

Parathyroid gland histological features

A
59
Q

Types of follicular neoplasms of the thyroid

A
  • Follicular adenoma
  • Follicular carcinoma
60
Q

Follicular adenoma histological features

A

Encapsulated tumor surrounded by variable thick fibrous connective tissue capsule

61
Q

Follicular carcinoma histological features

A
  • Capsular invasion
  • vascular invasion
62
Q

Follicular neoplasm (carcinoma) histological features

A
63
Q

Describe medullary carcinoma of the thyroid

A

from parafollicular C cells

64
Q

medullary carcinoma histological features

A
  • Round oval spindled to plasmacytoid cells
  • Stippled, fine, uniform clear chromatin
  • Significant lymph-vascular invasion
65
Q

Histological features of medullary carcinoma

A
66
Q

Adrenal glands features

A
67
Q

Adrenal glands zones

A
  • Zona glomerulosa
  • Zona fasciculata
  • Zona reticularis
  • medulla
68
Q

Zona glomerulosa histological features

A
69
Q

Zona fasciculata histological features

A
70
Q

Zona reticularis histological features

A
71
Q

Medulla histological features

A
72
Q

Describe Pheochromocytoma

A
73
Q

Pheochromocytoma histological features

A
74
Q

Pheochromocytoma histological features

A
75
Q

Pheochromocytoma histological features

A
76
Q

Describe adrenocortical carcinoma

A
77
Q

adrenocortical carcinoma histological features

A
78
Q

adrenocortical carcinoma histological features

A
79
Q

Describe adrenocortical adenoma

A
80
Q

adrenocortical adenoma histological features

A
81
Q

adrenocortical adenoma histological features

A
82
Q

adrenocortical adenoma histological features

A
83
Q

adrenocortical adenoma histological features

A
84
Q

Pancreas features and cell types and their products

A
85
Q

Pancreas cell types histology

A
86
Q

Describe Pancreatic Neuroendocrine tumors

A
87
Q

Pancreatic Neuroendocrine tumors types

A
88
Q

Pancreatic Neuroendocrine tumors gross histology

A
89
Q

Pancreatic Neuroendocrine tumors histological features

A
90
Q

MEN AKA

A

Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia

91
Q

Types of Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia

A
92
Q

MEN1 inheritance pattern

A

Autosomal dominant

Menin gene (tumor suppressor gene)

can be germline mutation in Menin gene

needs defects in both tumor suppressor genes to see tumor production

93
Q
A
94
Q

MEN1 features

A
95
Q

MEN1 vulnerable cells/tissues

A
96
Q

Pancreatic abnormalities in MEN1

A
97
Q

Parathyroid abnormalities in MEN1

A
98
Q

Pituitary abnormalities in MEN1

A
99
Q

Summary of MEN1

A
100
Q

MEN2 inheritance pattern

A

Autosomal dominant

101
Q

MEN2 types

A

MEN2A

MEN2B

Familial medullary thyroid carcinoma (FMTC)

102
Q

What is MEN2

A
103
Q

Genetics of MEN2 syndromes

A
104
Q

MEN2A description

A
105
Q

MEN2B features

A
106
Q

Hallmark of MEN2

A
107
Q

Features of sporadic MTC

A
108
Q

Features of hereditary MTC

A
109
Q

MTC AKA

A

Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma

110
Q

Features of FMTC

A
111
Q

FMTC AKA

A

Familial Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma

112
Q

Features of FMTC

A
113
Q

Features of MEN2A only

A
114
Q

Features of MEN2B

A
115
Q

More features of MEN2B

A
116
Q

Mucosal Neuroma histological features

A
117
Q

Biochemical Dx of MTC

A
118
Q

Biochemical Dx of Pheochromocytoma

A
119
Q

Biochemical Dx of parathyroid adenoma

A
120
Q

When should RET testing be considered?

A
121
Q

Prophylactic thyroidectomy in RET mutation carriers

A
122
Q

MEN2 Summary

A
123
Q

Types of paraneoplastic syndromes

A
  • Ectopic ACTH
  • Ectopic ADH
  • Ectopic PTH-RP
124
Q

Features of Ectopic ACTH paraneoplastic syndrome

A
125
Q

Features of Ectopic ADH paraneoplastic syndrome

A
126
Q

Features of Ectopic PTh-RP paraneoplastic syndrome

A
127
Q

Paraneoplastic syndromes summary

A

GINME (63 decks)

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