Wars of Religion and the Clash of Worldviews Flashcards
The second deadliest European religious war behind the Thirty Years War:
French war of religion
French Calvinists:
Huguenots
St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre:
Reigniting the French war of religion.
The Edict of Nantes:
Granted French Huguenots religious toleration ending the french wars of religion.
By placing order and the security of the state above matters of faith.
Henry lV brought the French wars of Religion to an end.
Philip ll of Spain
A deeply devout catholic, determined:
To restore catholic unity in Europe, and lead the Christian defense against the Muslims.
The Netherlands
Religion toleration developed for pragmatic reasons:
The central government lacked the power to enforce religious orthodoxy.
Make Amsterdam the wealthiest city in Europe for 200 years:
The leading money market, commodities market, and arms dealing market in the world.
Spanish soldiers sacked Amsterdam, killing 8,000 people and burning 1000 buildings in 11 days of horror:
“Spanish fury”
In response to the execution of the Catholic Monarch, Philip ll of Spain:
Sent the famous Spanish Armada to crush England.
The most destructive and the deadliest European religious war, resulting in eight million casualties:
The Thirty Years War
The Peace of Augsburg:
The most important, it established that all princes enjoyed the right to determine the religion of their lands and subjects. Excluded Calvinists.
The Bohemian Revolt:
The battle of white mountain 1620.
Was a bohemian Protestant converted Catholic Duke of Mecklenalay offered his service to Emperor Ferdinand ll:
Von Wallenstein
In 1630 transforming what had been simply the Emperor, attempt to curb the Protestant state, into full-scale war in Europe.
Sweden intervened
Cardinal Richelieu, King Louis Xiii’s chief minister. His chief foreign policy objective _____________________________________________________________________ in the 30 years war that engulfed Europe.
Was to check the power of the Austro-Spanish Habsburg dynasty, and to ensure French dominance.
Raison d’etat (reason for state):
That is the states interest above all else.
The Peace of Westphalia 1648:
It was the first time a diplomatic congress was convened that brought all parties together to create and guarantee a treaty.
France replaces Spain at the power on the continent:
Placing the state’s interest above all other interests.
Treaty of Westphalia: International warfare would be undertaken for reasons:
National security, Political ambition, or Dynastic pride
Secularization:
The state is officially neutral in matters of religion.
Rene Descartes: French mathematician and philosopher. He argued that all prior assumptions should be discarded in favor of one basic principle:
“I think, therefore I am”
Sir Isaac Newton
He believed that by demonstrating that the physical universe followed rational principles to prove:
The existence of God.
Magic and science had long been associated with each other as two forms of:
Intellectual pursuit
80% of accused witches were:
Women
Economic balance of power shifted away from the Mediterranean countries:
English, Dutch, and French colonies in the new world.
Between 1550-1600 the population of Europe increased:
Introduction of new foods from America, crop rotation and animal husbandry.
