1st Semester Review Flashcards
List the 4 types of societies:
- Hunting and Gathering
- Horticultural
- Pastoral
- Agricultural
The worship of more than one god:
Polytheism
The construction and maintenance of canals:
Necessitated the creation of a centralized government.
List the 3 main reasons for slavery in ancient times:
- Prisoners of war
- Voluntarily selling themselves (escape starvation or debts)
- Born a slave
Sargon the Great:
Creates the first recorded Empire in western civilization.
Silt:
The river produced/left silt deposits that enriched the soil and diluted harmful mineral salts.
Compare and contrast Mesopotamian and Egyptian religions:
Sumarian:
1. Unpredictable power of the gods (behaved like overgrown children). Unleashing devastating floods and war on humans for no rational reason.
2. To pacify the gods thus avoiding divine punishment.
Same:
1. Polytheism
2. Centered around religion
Egypt:
1. Far more benevolent and helpful to humans. Kings were regarded as helpful divinity in human form.
2. Pyramids were constructed as burial complexes at which Egyptians could worship Egypt’s god-king after they died.
Israelites had to follow a strict religious and moral code:
The 10 Commandments
Iliad and The Odyssey:
Greece’s most famous author, Homer who wrote the epic poems.
The most important Oracle in Greece:
Oracle of Delphi
Helots:
Slaves of the Spartan city, states who were Greek in origin.
Hellenic League:
31 Greek city-states formed a coalition called the Hellenic League to resist the Persian invasion.
An ancient Greek teaching style:
Socratic Method
Amnesty:
The new regine determined to settle the internal strife )desire for revenge) that threatening to tear Athens apart issued the first know amnesty in western history.
Plato rulers:
Philosopher Kings
List the 3 military reforms instituted by Philip of Macedonia:
- Philip was the first in the ancient world to create a professional army.
- He nearly doubled the length of the spears in the traditional Greek Phalanx.
- Used the cavalry as a strike force to soften up the enemy.
Alexander’s tutor:
Aristotle
What a ruler who holds absolute power:
Typically will exercise it in a cruel or oppressive way.
The most famous and enduring governmental body of the ancient world:
The Senate
Virtue:
The highest value was Virtus (virtue), manliness, which emphasized strength, loyalty, and courage, especially in war.
The Patron Client System:
A system/institution based on a network of relationships characterized by mutual obligations.
Who possessed the authority to veto any legislation:
Tribunes
List the 2 most significant Roman inventions:
- Concrete
- Roman arches
What were the 2 sources of Augustus’s true power:
Controlled the state’s treasury and loyalty of the army.
Goal of the Principate:
Was stability and order not political freedom.
The cornerstone of Christian faith:
Resurrection of Jesus
The biggest argument of the early church:
Trinity
Constantine the Great:
Eliminated his last rival in 324 to become the sole ruler of a unified empire.
The Nicene Creed:
A declaration and summary of the Christian faith.
Constantinople:
Establishing his new capital in the city of Byzantium in 324.
Justinian:
Eastern Empire Justinian l for 20 years attempts to reunite the empire.
A massive tribal confederation:
The Huns
What does Islam mean:
Submission to God
Qur’an:
Revelations known as the Qur’an (recitation), the holy scripture of Islam.
What are the 2 divisions of Islam:
- Sunni
- Shiites
The most powerful men in Merovingian society:
Catholic Bishops
What was Charles Martel called:
Charles the Hammer
What was Charles Martel’s military brilliance:
Was his ability to pick the time and place of his battles.
Coveted title in Western Europe:
Defender of the Faith
Greatest king of the Middle Ages:
Charlemagne
Significance of the Battle of Tours:
The decisive turning point in the struggle against Islam, a struggle which preserved Christianity as the religion of Europe.
What was the period (725-870) in the Byzantine Empire where images of Christian figures were banned from art and architecture called:
Iconoclasm
Why will the Abbasids move their capital from Damascus to Baghdad:
For its prosperous location near trade routes.
Wealthy Muslims will established and endowed schools for higher learning called:
Madrasa
Just as Europe was on the verge of emerging from the Dark Ages, what will throw them back into it:
The Viking Invasions
List the 2 causes that lead to the emergence of Feudalism:
- Collapse of the Carolingian Empire.
- Attacks and invasions by Vikings, Muslims, and Magyars.
A Vassal:
The individual who receives the land from the great landholders.
Who dominated the long distance trade routes during medieval times:
The Italians
Investiture Conflict:
Was the most significant conflict between church and state in medieval Europe.
God wills it:
This will become the rallying cry for the crusaders throughout the crusades.
Legends of this orders secret rituals, huge wealth and lost treasures have long fascinated conspiracy theorists for centuries:
Knights Templar
List the 3 significances of the Battle of Hastings:
- England’s political shift from the Scandinavian world to continental Europe.
- Domesday Book
- Birth of the Modern English Language.
