Wake Turbulence Flashcards

1
Q

What is Wake Turbulence?

A

Rotating air masses generated behind the wing tips of aircraft, or behind rotor tips of helicopters in forward motion.

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2
Q

What are rotating air masses generated behind the wing tips of aircraft, or behind rotor tips of helicopters in forward motion?

A

Wake Turbulence

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3
Q

What are Vortices?

A
  1. Circular patterns of air
  2. created by the movement of an airfoil
  3. through the air when generating lift.
  4. Rotating column of air;
  5. can be hazardous to aircraft.
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4
Q

What are Circular patterns of air created by the movement of an airfoil through the air when generating lift. Rotating column of air; can be hazardous to aircraft?

A

Vortices

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5
Q

What is Clean Configuration?

A

When an Aircraft is configured for flight with no flaps, gear retracted, and no other wing extensions, such as air brakes.

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6
Q

What is the configuration when an Aircraft is configured for flight with no flaps, gear retracted, and no other wing extensions, such as air brakes.

A

Clean Configuration

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7
Q

What is Dirty Configuration?

A

Aircraft is configured for flight with flaps, gear extended, and additional wing extensions, such as air brakes.

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8
Q

What is the configuration when the Aircraft is configured for flight with flaps, gear extended, and additional wing extensions, such as air brakes?

A

Dirty Configuration

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9
Q

What is Rollup Effect?

A
  1. Difference in pressure above/below an airfoil
  2. results in airflow twisting into
  3. counter-rotating cylindrical vortices.
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10
Q

What is the difference in pressure above or below an airfoil that results in airflow twisting into counter-rotating cylindrical vortices?

A

The Rollup Effect.

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11
Q

What is an Induced Roll?

A

Mechanical force a wake vortex has on an aircraft. Without counter action, causes an aircraft to roll/spin on its longitudinal axis.

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12
Q

What is the Mechanical force a wake vortex has on an aircraft called?

A

Induced Roll

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13
Q

What is Downwash?

A
  1. Wake turbulence generated from helicopters
  2. in a slow or stationary hover,
  3. pushing downwards and
  4. outwards from the rotor.
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14
Q

What is Wake turbulence generated from helicopters in a slow or stationary hover, pushing downwards and outwards from the rotor called?

A

Downwash

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15
Q

What is Jet Blast?

A

Exhaust from a jet engine.

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16
Q

What is Exhaust from a jet engine called?

A

Jet Blast

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17
Q

What are the three factors that determine the intensity of wake turbulence?

A

Weight of the aircraft
Speed of the aircraft
Shape (configuration) of the airfoil

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18
Q

Do all aircraft generate wake turbulence in flight?

A

Yes

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19
Q

What effect does the weight of an aircraft have on wake turbulence?

A

More weight generates a higher force of turbulence.

20
Q

What is the most important factor for wake turbulence intensity?

A

Weight of the aircraft.

21
Q

What effect does the speed of the aircraft have on the wake turbulence?

A

Slower speed generates higher force.

22
Q

What effect does the speed of the aircraft have on the vortices it produces?

A

Vortices dissipate quicker at higher speeds.

23
Q

What effect does shape (configuration) of the airfoil have on wake turbulence?

A

Clean configuration generates higher force.

24
Q

How does wake turbulence diminish?

A

With time and distance from origination.

25
Q

When does a vortex begin?

A

Whenever an aircraft generates lift.

26
Q

When does a vortex end?

A

When lift is no longer produced.

27
Q

How do vortexes rotate?

A

Towards the aircraft.

28
Q

How do vortexes drift?

A

Away from the aircraft.

29
Q

At what rate do vortexes sink?

A

300’-500’ per minute

30
Q

How do vortexes move at or near ground level without wind?

A

Away from the aircraft at 2-3 knots.

31
Q

At what altitude will vortexes move away from the aircraft at 2-3 knots?

A

Ground Level

32
Q

How will small crosswinds affect the movement of vortexes?

A

Will stall movement of one vortex, and increase movement of the other.

33
Q

How do tail and headwinds affect the movement of vortexes?

A

Push the vortices in the direction they are blowing

34
Q

What are the 2 most common types of wake turbulence hazards?

A
  1. Structural

2. Induced Roll

35
Q

What hazard causes loss of aircraft control?

A

Induced Roll

36
Q

What two factors affect an aircraft’s ability to recover from induced roll?

A

Wingspan

Counter control capability

37
Q

When is counter control most effective?

A

When wings extend past the edges of the vortex.

38
Q

When can Induced Roll be encountered?

A

Unpredictable and can be encountered in flight or on the ground.

39
Q

What are the 4 downwash characteristics of a helicopter?

A

High speed vortices.
Pushes outward (away) from the rotor as it reaches the ground.
Expands to approximately three times the rotor diameter.
Expands in all directions.

40
Q

What are the 3 Vortex Characteristics of a Helicopter?

A

Wingtip vortices generated in forward flight.
Similar to fixed wing.
May be stronger than vortices from similar mass fixed wing aircraft.

41
Q

What is mandated to account for an mitigate the effects of Wake Turbulence?

A

Increased separation between aircraft.

42
Q

What can increased separation increase?

A

Delays

43
Q

Are controllers responsible for anticipating the existence or effects of wake turbulence?

A

No

44
Q

What do controllers need to issue in response to wake turbulence?

A

Cautionary advisories

45
Q

What is the cautionary advisory phraseology to issue in response to wake turbulence when the aircraft is on the ground?

A

CAUTION JET BLAST /PROPWASH

/ROTORWASH

46
Q

What is the cautionary advisory phraseology to issue in response to wake turbulence when the aircraft is in the air?

A

CAUTION WAKE TURBULENCE