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pointsixtyfive.com Basics Study Guide supplemental questions > Principles of Flight 2 (not vocabulary) > Flashcards

Principles of Flight 2 (not vocabulary) Flashcards

1
Q

What 3 lines are all airfoils comprised of?

A

Leading edge
Trailing Edge
Chord line

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2
Q

What do the leading edge, trailing edge, and chord line comprise?

A

An Airfoil

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3
Q

What is the Chord line?

A

An Imaginary straight line joining the leading and trailing edges of an airfoil. It shows where the end points represent the maximum radius/length.

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4
Q

What is the imaginary straight line whose end points represent the maximum radius/length of the airfoil.

A

The Chord line

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5
Q

What are the 6 types of airfoils?

A 
Fuselage
Wing
Propeller
Horizontal stabilizer
Vertical tail surface
Helicopter rotor
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6
Q

What are a fuselage, wing, propeller, horizontal stabilizer, vertical tail surface, and helicopter rotor all types of?

A

Airfoils

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7
Q

What are the 3 airfoils that produce upward lift?

A

Wing
Horizontal stabilizer
Helicopter rotor

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8
Q

Do a wing, horizontal stabilizer, and helicopter rotor all produce upward lift?

A

Yes

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9
Q

What airfoil produces forward lift?

A

The Propeller

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10
Q

What type of lift does the propeller produce?

A

Forward lift

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11
Q

What are the 3 types of Cambers?

A

Equal curvature
Top Convex Bottom Flat
Top Convex bottom Concave

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12
Q

Can you draw basic examples of all 3 basic Camber types? Refer to study guide for answer.

A

See study guide

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13
Q

What are the two types of propellers?

A

Fixed pitch

Variable pitch

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14
Q

What is the defining characteristic of a fixed pitch propeller?

A

The Blade angle cannot be adjusted.

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15
Q

What is the defining characteristic of a variable pitch propeller?

A

The blade angle can be adjusted.

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16
Q

Is a variable pitch propeller more efficient than a fixed pitch propeller?

A

Yes

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17
Q

When is the small pitch angle on a variable pitch propeller used?

A

Takeoff (hold palm facing you)

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18
Q

When is the large pitch angle on a variable pitch propeller used?

A

When the aircraft is cruising (rotate palm 90 degrees from facing you).

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19
Q

What are the two ways to generate lift?

A

Airflow over an airfoil increases its speed, reducing pressure above the foil (Bernoulli)
Air striking the bottom of an airfoil and pushing it upwards (Newton’s 3rd)

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20
Q

What 5 factors determine how much lift is produced?

A 
Wing shape
Wing size
Angle of attack
Speed
Air density
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21
Q

In what 2 basic directions can wind flow relative to the direction of flight?

A

Parallel

Opposite

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22
Q

What force pushes up?

A

Lift

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23
Q

What force pushes down?

A

Weight

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24
Q

What force pushes forward?

A

Thrust

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25
Q

What force pushes backwards?

A

Drag

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26
Q

Is air warmer closer to the surface of the earth?

A

Yes

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27
Q

For every 1000 feet of elevation, how much does the temperature of the air decrease on average in Celsius?

A

About 2 degrees Celsius

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28
Q

For every ______ feet, the temperate of the air falls about 2 degrees celsius

A

1000 feet

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29
Q

Which is denser? Warm air or cold air?

A

Cold air

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30
Q

What is air pressure?

A

The weight of the air at a given point.

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31
Q

What is the weight of the air called?

A

Air pressure.

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32
Q

What is standard sea level pressure measured in inches of mercury?

A

29.92 inches

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33
Q

Does air pressure decrease with altitude?

A

Yes

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34
Q

Why does air pressure decrease with altitude?

A

The higher you go, the less air there is.

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35
Q

If the air is denser, is there more air pressure?

A

Yes

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36
Q

Is there a positive correlation between air density and air pressure?

A

Yes

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37
Q

What is humidity?

A

Water vapor in the air

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38
Q

Do higher or lower air temperatures allow for higher humidity?

A

Higher air temperatures allow for more humidity

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39
Q

Does air density increase with humidity?

A

Yes

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40
Q

What is air density?

A

The mass of air per unit volume

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41
Q

What is the mass of air per unit volume?

A

Air density

42
Q

What does a higher Density Altitude (DA) mean for air density?

A

A higher DA means lower air density

43
Q

Does lower air density reduce aircraft performance?

A

Yes

44
Q

In what four ways does lower air density reduce aircraft performance?

A

Longer takeoff/landing roll
Slower climb rate
Higher landing speed
Reduced engine power

45
Q

What three axes control the orientation of the aircraft?

A

Longitudinal
Lateral
Vertical

46
Q

What is the line of the Longitudinal axes?

A

Horizontal line from nose to tail

47
Q

What is turning on the longitudinal axes referred to as?

A

Roll

48
Q

What 2 things does the longitudinal axes control?

A

Heading

Bank Angle

49
Q

What is the line of the Lateral axes?

A

Horizontal line from wingtip to wingtip

50
Q

What is turning on the lateral axes referred to as?

A

Pitch

51
Q

What 2 things does the lateral axes control?

A

Angle of attack

Altitude

52
Q

What is the line of the Vertical axes?

A

Vertical line through center of gravity point

53
Q

What is turning on the vertical axes referred to as?

A

Yaw

54
Q

What 2 things does the vertical axes control?

A

Streamlined motion

Left/right alignment of longitudinal axes

55
Q

What are the 3 primary control surfaces?

A

Ailerons
Elevator
Rudder

56
Q

What does the Aileron Control?

A

Roll

57
Q

Where is the Aileron normally located?

A

The trailing edges of the wings

58
Q

How do the Aileron’s move?

A

Simultaneously and opposite of each other (one up, one down)

59
Q

What is Adverse yaw?

A

When the nose yaws opposite of the turn direction.

60
Q

What causes adverse yaw?

A

Drag on the down aileron

61
Q

How are the Ailerons controlled?

A

By turning the yoke left/right like a steering wheel.

62
Q

What does the elevator control?

A

Pitch

63
Q

Where is the elevator normally located?

A

On the trailing edge of the horizontal stabilizer

64
Q

How is the elevator controlled?

A

By pushing or pulling the yoke

65
Q

What happens when you push the yoke forward?

A

descend

66
Q

What happens when you pull the yoke back

A

Climb

67
Q

What does the rudder control?

A

The yaw

68
Q

Where is the rudder normally located

A

Rear of the tail

69
Q

What controls the rudder?

A

The foot pedals

70
Q

What are the secondary control surfaces?

A

Trim tabs

Flaps

71
Q

What are the trim tabs?

A

Small versions of each of the primary surfaces

72
Q

Where are the trim tabs located?

A

On the primary surfaces

73
Q

What do the trim tabs do for the control surfaces?

A

Hold them in position.

74
Q

What do the trim tabs reduce pressure on?

A

The controls

75
Q

Where are the flaps located?

A

On trailing edge of the wings, closest to the fuselage

76
Q

What are the flaps normally used for?

A

Takeoff and landing

77
Q

What 4 specific functions do the flaps perform?

A

Increase lift
Increase drag
Lowers stall speed
Allow steeper approach without airspeed increase

78
Q

How do the flaps move?

A

Together in the same direction

79
Q

How is flap movement described?

A

In degrees

80
Q

How are the flaps controlled?

A

By a handle

81
Q

What airfoil do helicopter rotor blades act like when rotating?

A

The wings

82
Q

Is each helicopter rotor blade an airfoil?

A

Yes

83
Q

What force do the rotor blades provide the helicopter

A

Lift

84
Q

How are the rotor blades adjusted?

A

By blade speed (rotations per minute) and pitch (angle)

85
Q

What are the 4 main helicopter controls?

A

Collective
Cyclic
Throttle
Anti-torque pedals

86
Q

What does the collective of a helicopter control?

A

Blade pitch

87
Q

What 2 things does the cyclic of a helicopter control?

A

Blade tilt

Direction of flight

88
Q

What does the throttle of a helicopter control?

A

Blade rotational speed

89
Q

What do the anti-torque pedals of a helicopter control?

A

Pitch of the tail rotor (yaw)

90
Q

What are the three primary flight hazards?

A

Stall
Icing
Equipment failure

91
Q

What is the most common cause of accidents for light aircraft?

A

A stall

92
Q

What happens in a stall?

A

The wing reaches the “critical angle of attack (about 15-20 degrees)
At that angle air cannot flow smoothly over the top of the wing.
Wing can’t produce lift

93
Q

What are the primary causes of a stall?

A

Excessively violent maneuvers
Severe wind shear
Insufficient speed

94
Q

What are the three main types of icing?

A

Structural
Pitot tube
Carburetor

95
Q

What happens with structural icing?

A

Ice build-up changes the shape of the airfoil.
Reduces lift
Increases weight

96
Q

Why is pitot tube icing a problem?

A

Produces inaccurate speed, altimeter, and vertical speed measurements

97
Q

What are the four main types of equipment failure?

A

Electrical
Mechanical
Hydraulic
Engine

98
Q

What are the 5 most common types of electrical failure?

A 
Lights
Instruments
Flight controls
Navigation equipment
Communication equipment
99
Q

What are the 4 most common types of mechanical failure?

A

Flight controls
Portions of the aircraft structure
Landing gear
Tires

100
Q

What are the 3 most common types of hydraulic failure?

A

Landing gear
Flaps
Brakes

101
Q

What are the 4 most common types of engine failure?

A

Instruments
Electric power
Hydraulic power
Pressurization

pointsixtyfive.com Basics Study Guide supplemental questions (30 decks)

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