W9-L6: Underweight Flashcards
EVOLUTION OF BODY “IMAGE”
SPECTRUM OF EATING HABITS
AND BEHAVIORS
What are the MAIN HEALTH IMPLICATIONS OF BEING UNDERWEIGHT DUE TO PROLONGED ENERGY DEFICIENCY?
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- Physiological: increased serum lipids, decreased BP, decreased RMR, Hormonal disruption
- Cognitive Effects: Declines in cognitive performance, Increased risk of mood disorders and anxiety
- Bone Health: Low bone mineral density (BMD), Increased risk of stress fractures and osteoporosis
- Gastrointestinal Health: GI upset and digestive issues
- Immune Response: Impaired immune response, leading to increased infection risk
- Reproductive Health: Impaired reproductive function (especially in females)
What are Additional Health Implications of being Underweight?
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- Nutritional Deficiencies: (e.g., vitamins and minerals)
- Fatigue and Weakness: Chronic, decreased performance
- Delayed Wound Healing: Impaired recovery
- Cardiovascular Risks: arrhythmias & electrolyte imbalances
- Hypothermia: Difficulty maintaining body temp in cold
- Increased Risk of Sarcopenia: Loss of muscle mass,
What are examples of eating disorders? (4)
- Anorexia nervosa (AN)
- Bulimia nervosa (BN)
- Binge eating disorder (BED)
- Other specified feeding or eating disorders (OSFED)
What % of people have Eating disorders?
What is anorexia nervosa?
anorexia nervosa diagnosis requires three criteria (DSM 5):
- The restriction of energy intake below that required to maintain weight
- An intense fear of gaining weight or becoming fat, or persistent behavior that interferes with weight gain, even when at a significantly low weight
- A disturbance in the way in which one’s body weight or shape is experienced, undue influence of body weight or shape on self-evaluation, or persistent lack of recognition of the seriousness of one’s current low body weight
What is bulimia nervosa diagnosis?
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- Recurrent episodes of binge eating in a discrete period (< 2 hrs) at least 1 time per week over 3 or more months
- Recurrent, inappropriate compensatory behavior to prevent weight gain, such as self-induced vomiting; misuse of laxatives, diuretics, or other medications; fasting; or excessive exercise
- A self-evaluation unduly influenced by body shape and weight
What is a Binge Eating Disorder?
- Episodes of binge eating at least once a week for three months
- Binge eating not associated with the recurrent use of inappropriate compensatory behaviours as in Bulimia Nervosa
Binge eating includes 3 or more of the following:
- Eating much faster than normal
- Eating until uncomfortably full
- Eating large amounts regardless of hunger cues
- Eating alone due to embarrassment
- Feelings of self-disgust, guilt, and depression
What are classified as OTHER TYPES OF FEEDING OR EATING DISORDERS?
Other specified feeding and eating disorder: includes a wide range of eating problems that cause significant distress and impairment but do not meet the specific criteria for anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, or binge eating disorder. E.g.
What is Atypical anorexia nervosa?
A patient with atypical anorexia nervosa has all the symptoms
of anorexia except being underweight
What is Purging disorder?
no compulsion to binge eat but there is a compulsion to purge
What is Night time eating disorder?
compulsion to eat, waking someone multiple times per night
LONG TERM NUTRITION STRATEGIES FOR
BODY WEIGHT CHANGE
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- Choose whole grains, beans, legumes and minimize intake of foods with added sugar (< 10% total kcals)
- Meet protein requirements (at a minimum) and consider increasing protein to help with satiation
- Added fats are calorie dense and should be considered on an individual basis
- Choose 5-7 portions of fruit and vegetables a day
- Choose healthful snacks e.g. nuts, yogurt, fruit, vegetables, hummus, tuna, jerky, sashimi, eggs, protein, milk etc.
- Consider portion sizes in relation to needs and activity
- Choose a sustainable approach for long term health that supports an active lifestyle and mindful eating habits – which may or may not involve calorie or macronutrient goals
