W3-L3: Conditions Related to Carb Consumption Flashcards
What is Lactose Intolerance?
Not a milk allergy
Small intestine does not produce enough (or any) of the enzyme lactase and therefore the disaccharide lactose present in dairy foods cannot be broken down and digested.
Lactose intolerance is most prevalent in people of East and South East Asian descent, lower in Europeans
How much Lactose can someone with Lactose Intolerance tolerate?
- Up to 12 grams of lactose at once (i.e. 250mls of milk. or about one glass)
- Up to 24 grams of lactose over the course of the day (i.e. 500mls of milk, or about two glasses)
What is the difference b/w an intolerance and an allergy?
- Intolerances = symptoms of the gastrointestinal tract;
- allergies = immune response
How do we diagnose & treat Lactose Intolerance?
- Preferential diagnosis of lactose intolerance: ingesting a lactose solution, measuring the rate of production of hydrogen
- Treatment: lactase drops (for some) and avoidance of dairy, some individuals can tolerate fermented dairy
Need to Know
What are examples of Foods high in calcium?
What is Celiac Disease?
- Celiac disease is an autoimmune disorder where consuming gluten, a protein in wheat, barley, and rye,
- When gluten is consumed, an immune response is triggered that results in damage to the small intestinal mucosa, resulting in a reduced absorptive surface area
- Over time, this can progress to the malabsorption of both macronutrients and micronutrients
What are Symptoms of Celiac and how can it be treated?
- Classic symptoms: diarrhea, iron deficiency, weight loss may or may not occur
- Treatment: avoidance of any gluten
What is Type 1 Diabetes?
AKA Diabetes Mellitus
- Pancreas doesn’t produce insulin
- Not thought to be triggered by diet – immune system attacks the beta cells which produce insulin in the pancreas
- Insulin dependent glucose transport fails to work - glucose doesn’t enter the cell but builds up outside the cell and in the blood, resulting in elevated blood glucose levels (hyperglycemia)
What is the Treatment for Type 1 Diabetes?
AKA Diabetes Mellitus
dietary modifications and insulin therapy
What is Type II Diabetes Mellitus?
- characterized by insulin resistance
- the body’s cells become less responsive to insulin.
- The pancreas may also produce insufficient insulin to overcome this resistance
What is Pre-diabetes?
- Pre-diabetes (or impaired glucose tolerance) is a condition where blood glucose levels are higher than normal but not high enough to be classified as diabetes. Without management, will eventually develop Type 2 diabetes
- Typically diagnosed in adults, although it is increasingly being diagnosed in children & adolescents due to rising obesity rates
What is the treatment for Pre- and Type 2 diabetes?
- Treatment: weight management, diet, exercise, medications (including Ozempic) and potentially insulin therapy
- Current research into restricted carbohydrate diets and improvements in insulin sensitivity
What is Dyslipidemia?
A condition characterized by abnormal lipid levels in the blood, including:
- elevated levels of triglycerides, LDL cholesterol (the “bad” cholesterol), and/or
- reduced levels of HDL cholesterol (the “good” cholesterol).
These imbalances increase the risk of developing CVDs, including atherosclerosis, heart attack, and stroke.
What is the effect of high sugar intake on cholesterol levels?
Research shows that high sugar intake, particularly from added sugars and refined carbohydrates can ↑ LDL (“bad”) cholesterol and triglycerides and ↓ HDL (“good”) cholesterol
What is the treatment for DYSLIPIDEMIA?
Mediterranean diet: Diet of vegetables, fruit, wholegrains, fibre and fish twice per week, plant sterols, reduction in sugar salt and alcohol, low saturated fat and mostly unsaturated fats to support healthy weight. Statins and exercise
