W9-L2: Fat

Question 1

What is Essential body fat?

Answer 1

• Essential body fat: must be maintained to avoid compromising physiological function
• Essential body fat is approx. 3% for men; 12% women

Question 2

What is the Healthy percentage of body fat?

Answer 2

18-24% for males, 25–31% for females

Question 3

Additional fat stores

What is Hyperplasia?

Answer 3

increase in the reproduction rate of (new) body (fat) cells

Additional fat stores: loss is unlikely to compromise physiological function

Question 4

Additional fat stores

What is Hypertrophy?

Answer 4

increase in the size of of existing (fat) cells

• Additional fat stores: loss is unlikely to compromise physiological function

Question 5

What is the average Waist Circumference?

Answer 5

Question 6

What is the Healthy Waist Circumference?

Answer 6

Healthy waist to hip ratio:

• women < 0.8
• men < 0.9

Question 7

What can excess or dysfunctional adiposity lead to?

Answer 7

1. Inflammation
2. Increased risk of metabolic, mechanical, and mental health complications
3. Potential complications include type 2 diabetes, hypertension, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, polycystic ovary disease, obstructive sleep apnoea, gallbladder disease, osteoarthritis, pain, gastroesophageal reflux disease, incontinence, lymphoedema, plantar fasciitis, certain cancers (colon, kidney, oesophageal, postmenopausal breast, and endometrial), as well as mood, anxiety, and eating disorders.
4. Obesity can reduce healthy-life years and can reduce life expectancy by 6–14 years

Question 8

What BMI is classified as Obese?

Answer 8

a BMI exceeding 30 kg/m2

• class 1 (30–34.9)
• class 2 (35–39.9 kg/m2
• class 3 (≥ 40 kg/m2)

Question 9

What Non modifiable factors are
thought to cause obesity?

Answer 9

1. Genetics

• Monogenic: results from a mutation or deficiency of a single gene and is a rare but severe cause of obesity. Typical features are insatiable hunger and early-onset obesity (age 3–5 years).
• Polygenic: the simultaneous presence of multiple gene variants, which have an accumulative effect e.g. MC4R, BDNF, FTO, INSIG2
• Syndromic: signs of a developmental disorder e.g. Prader-Willi, Cohen and Bardet-Biedl