VRU 2013 Flashcards
Lerer et al: TMJ dysplasia in a Basset; what are the CT characteristics of TMJ dysplasia?
- Flattened of the mandibular fossa
- Irregular joint space
- Secondary osteoarthritis of the TMJ - Sclerosis and flattening of the condylar process and puntate lucencies
- Abnormal periarticular process
- Widening of the joint space
Hart et al: US appearance of outer medulla in dogs without renal dysfunction, Is having a hyperechoic outer renal medulla common in dogs?
Yes, around 30% in this study (45/145)
Hart et al: US appearance of outer medulla in dogs without renal dysfunction, What type of dog had the highest frequency of a hyperechoic outer medulla?
Dogs under 5kg
Hart et al: US appearance of outer medulla in dogs without renal dysfunction, Which type of dog never had a hyperechoic outer medulla?
Dogs larger than 40kg
Hart et al: US appearance of outer medulla in dogs without renal dysfunction, Is there any clinically significance of this sign in dogs?
None.
Hart et al: US appearance of outer medulla in dogs without renal dysfunction, What are the three subdivisions of the kidney?
Inner medulla
Outer medulla
Cortex
Hart et al: US appearance of outer medulla in dogs without renal dysfunction, What is the diffference between a hyperechoic outer medulla vs a medullary rim sign vs medullary band?
Medullary rim is a thin line of increased medullary echogenicity
Hyperechoic outer medulla is a increase of echogenicity between the outer medulla and the cortex.
Medullary band is a hyperechoic band that is more central in the inner medulla (LEPTO!!)
Kim et al: Comparison of CTA and US in detecting PSS in dogs: What was the significantly higher in detecting PSS?
Sensitivity of CTA (96%) vs US (68%)
Kim et al: Comparison of CTA and US in detecting PSS in dogs: How many more times was CTA more likely to correctly ascertain the presence or absence of a PSS?
5.5x!
Kim et al: Comparison of CTA and US in detecting PSS in dogs: What co-morbitity is was noted in 4/5 dogs on CTA and only 1/5 dogs on US?
multiple acquired shunts.
Grant et al: VHS in eight dog breeds: What factors had influence on the VHS?
Anomalous vertebrae
BCS
Grant et al: VHS in eight dog breeds: What breeds had VHS signifciantly greater than 9.7 +/- 0.5?
Pug, Poms, Bulldog and Bostons
Secrest et al: Furosemid and ureteral visualization on CT extretoary urogram: At what time was there a significant difference in furosemide and no furosemide on visualization of the ureters?
3 mins post injection.
At 10 min there was no different or no advantage.
Secrest et al: Furosemide and ureteral visualization on CT extretoary urogram: What dose was used of furorsemide?
4mg/kg
Hoey et al: Evaluation of GI tract in dogs using CT: Are you able to distinguish between gastrointestinal segments and gastrointestinal walls on CTA?
Yes… gastrointestinal segments (62%) means that you could see the entire width of the jejunum (serosa to serosa)
Gastrointestinal walls (78%) means that you can see one side from another (serosa to mucosa)
Hoey et al: Evaluation of GI tract in dogs using CT: Are you able to see wall layering on CT?
Only in about 22%
Hoey et al: Evaluation of GI tract in dogs using CT: What are the measurements associated with a normal GI tract on CT?
Same as radiographs and US thickeness.
Torad et al: US characteristics of salivary mucoceles in dogs: What was the difference between the characteristics of the mucoceles on US based on time?
2 wks - round hyperechoic structure with a large amount of anechoic fluid
1-2 months - less anechoic fluid and the overall appearance was heterogenous
2 months - grainy/mottled appearance and further decrease in anechoic content
3 months - hyperechoic with distal acoustic shadowing
Bargellini et al: Contrast-enhanced US adrenal gland with PDH: What is the normal contrast enhancement of an adrenal gland? PDH adrenal gland
Normal - Medulla first than outward
PDH - rapid, chaotic and both medulla and cortex at the same time
- Twice ass high of peak perfusion
- 2-4x the blood volume.
Anwer et al: MRI features of intracranial granular cell tumors: What are the key features of a granular cell tumor?
- Well defined
- Extra axial
- Plaque like - involving the meninges
- Cerebrum, falx cerebri or ventral floor
- T1W hyperintense /T2 iso/hyperintese
- Moderate to severe peritumoral edema and mass effect
Anwer et al: MRI features of intracranial granular cell tumors: What are the ddx for a T1W hyperintense mass in the brain?
Choroid plexus tumor
Ependymal tumor
Glioma
Meningiomas (19%)
Melanomas (highly T1W hyperintense)
Scrivani et al: T2W MRI measurement of the optic nerve: What was different between the dogs with and without presumed intracranial hypertension?
Optic nerve sheath diameter and body weight.
Normal size of the optic nerve sheath was 1-4mm.
What are four reasons for upper airway obstruction in cats?
Neoplasia (lymphoma)
Granulomatous inflammation
Laryngotracheitis
Larygneal paralysis (lead tox, neuromucsular)
What are radiographic signs of laryngeal obstruction?
Everted saccules
Increased soft tissue opacity
Tracheal narrowing
Larygneal caudal displacement
Pharynx dilated
Vignoli et al: Whole body CT for skeletal and cardiac mets in dogs and cats: Where are the most common locations for muscle mets?
Epaxial/paraspinal muscles
Thoracic wall
Vignoli et al: Whole body CT for skeletal and cardiac mets in dogs and cats: What types of cancer were noted to have muscle mets?
Sarcomas (mostly hemangio but even a fibrosarc got in the game)
Carcinomas (mostly adenocarcinoma but TTC and SCC too)
One lymphom in a cat.
Vignoli et al: Whole body CT for skeletal and cardiac mets in dogs and cats: What were the main clinical signs for muscle mets?
Lameness
Reluctance to move
Anorexia
Dyspnea (pain?)
12/27 animals did not show any clinical signs
Kirberger et al: CT and rad features of Spirocercosis in dogs: What were the top features of aortic lesions in dogs with spirocerosis?
Aortic mineralization (between T4 and T11)
Aortic aneurysms
Aortic thrombi.
Ciasca et al: Measurement of SI diameter increases diagnostic accuracy?: What does a SI/L5 ratio give for sensitivity and specifcity of a intestinal obstruction?
66%
Therefore this study concluded that it is not helpful to measure.
Reese et al: Effects of sevoflurane anesthesia and blood donation on US appearance of cat spleens: What was the conlcusion?
Sevoflurane and blood donation do not subjectively alter splenic dimensions, echogenicity or echotesture in a normal cat.
Normal height is 8.2mm +/- 1.4mm
Reese et al: Effects of sevoflurane anesthesia and blood donation on US appearance of cat spleens: What was the echogenicity of the spleen compared to the renal cortex? How did this change with male cats?
Hyperechoic
Male cats 77% were isoechoic to the left renal cortex.
Tyson et al: Feline renal volume using CT: What type of measuring method was used in this study and how did it compare to the US measurements using the elispode method?
CT using the hand traced ROIs with the voxel count method
More accurate than the US method using the elipsode method which underestimated the renal volume by a median of 19%.
De Bakker et al: Rads of primary and concomitant flexor enthesopathy of the dog: Can radiographs distinugish between primary and concomitant flexor enthesopathy?
No
De Bakker et al: Rads of primary and concomitant flexor enthesopathy of the dog: What were the radiographic signs for flexor enthesopathy?
irregular medial humeral epicondyle
Spur
Calcified body.
De Bakker et al: Rads of primary and concomitant flexor enthesopathy of the dog: What were the elbow disorders present in concomitant flexor enthesopathy?
MCP disease
OCD
UAP
Incongruity
Osteoarthritis and sclerosis of the subtrochlear notch region.
Choi et al: Liver size on rads in pekingese dogs: What is the difference with pekingese dogs and other breeds when it comes to liver size?
Pekingese dogs have smaller livers
Recommend using a 4.64x the length of T11 as normal pekingese dog liver (from the base of the CVC on right lateral projections
Taeymans et al: MRI, US, CT features of thyroid carcinoma: what modalities had the highest specificity and sensitivity?
CT had the highest specificity (100%)
MRI had the highest sensitivity (93%)
Taeymans et al: MRI, US, CT features of thyroid carcinoma: What modality most commonly detected tumor capsule disruption with invasion of the surrounding structures?
MRI
Taeymans et al: MRI, US, CT features of thyroid carcinoma: Thyroid carcinoma was what intensity on MRI?
Hyperintense in all sequences.
Taeymans et al: MRI, US, CT features of thyroid carcinoma: What was the most common clinical signs?
- Coughing
- Dyspnea
- Gagging
- Stertor/Stridor.
Taeymans et al: MRI, US, CT features of thyroid carcinoma: Common characteristics of these thyroid masses?
- Unilateral
- heterogeneous
- Dorsolateral to the trachea
- Immediately caudal to the larynx
- Strongly vascularized
- Mulitcavitated
- Mineralized over half
Taeymans et al: MRI, US, CT features of thyroid carcinoma: Thyroid carcinomas had what type of attenuation compared to normal thyroid lobes?
Hypoattenuating or lower HU
Lower in both precontrast (56 HU vs 108)
and post (132 vs 169 HU)
Taeymans et al: MRI, US, CT features of thyroid carcinoma: Is airway obstruction more frequent in dogs with thyroid carcinomas vs carotid body tumors?
Carotid body tumors.
Taeymans et al: MRI, US, CT features of thyroid carcinoma: What did the three ectopic thyroid carcinomas do?
They were midline and invaded the hyoid bones
Taeymans et al: MRI, US, CT features of thyroid carcinoma: Which modality had the lowest sensitivity and specificity?
US
Manley et al: MRI of the canine abdomen: What were the sequences with the highest diagnostic quality for the cranial abdomen?
Dorsal T2 TSE with fat sat and breath hold
Trans T1 turbo fast low-angle shot gradient echo with breath hold
Dorsal T2 half fourier acquisition with respiratoy navigation
Gaitero et al: Comparison of cranial thoracic IVD herniation in GSD: What disc spaces were more likely to herniate and/or compress in GSD?
T2-3 adn T4-5 are more likely to compress in GSD
T3-4 is more likely to herniate and compress in GSD
Imaging T2-3 is important in GSD dogs with T3-L3 neurologic signs
Gaitero et al: Comparison of cranial thoracic IVD herniation in GSD: In the T1-T9 region how did GSD compare to other large breed dogs?
GSD had high scores for compression and herniation