VRU 2004 Flashcards
Pennick et al: How many cats and dogs in this study had extrahepatic PSS or idiopathic noncirrhotic portal hypertension with a PV/Ao ratio <0.65?
ALL of them
Pennick et al: What is the positive predictive value and NPV of the combination of a small liver, large kidneys and uroliths on US for a PSS?
PPV = 100%
NPV = 51%
Pennick et al: PV/Ao and PV/CVC ratios were smaller or larger with Extrahepatic PSS than animals with microvascular dysplasia, intrahepatic PSS and normal?
Smaller
Pennick et al: Pennick et al: What is the positive predictive value of CVC turbulance in dogs?
91%
Pennick et al: What is the cut off for the PV/Ao and PV/CVC ratio where no dogs or cats had an extrahepatic shunt?
PV/Ao = >0.8
PV/CVC = >0.75
McConnell et al: MRI findings of medulloblastoma Polish sheepdog, where do medulloblastomas occur?
Cerebellum
McConnell et al: MRI findings of medulloblastoma Polish sheepdog, medulloblastomas are commonly seen in what age of dog and human?
Young
McConnell et al: MRI findings of medulloblastoma Polish sheepdog, besides dogs what other animal commonly has medulloblastomas?
Cows
McConnell et al: MRI findings of medulloblastoma Polish sheepdog, what are the MRI findings off medulloblastomas?
Heterogeneous mass
Hemorrhage
contrast enhancing - mild diffuse patchy
McConnell et al: MRI findings of medulloblastoma Polish sheepdog, what are the reasons for a T1 hyperintense signal (all of them)?
hemorrhage
fat
calcification
nonparamagnetic protein content
necrosis
mucinous
melanin
hypermyelination
ferromagnetic artifact
slow flow artifact
McConnell et al: MRI findings of medulloblastoma Polish sheepdog, Differentials include:
Glioma - usually in old brachycepahlic
Meningiomas
mets - in the caudal fossa is rare in dogs
Nykamp et al: CT dacryocystograpy of the nasolamcrimal duct; what is this diagnosis?
Chronic dacryocystitis with osteomyelitis
Nykamp et al: CT dacryocystograpy of the nasolamcrimal duct; indication for dacryocystography?
Chronic epiphora
Facial swelling
facial trauma
Nykamp et al: CT dacryocystograpy of the nasolamcrimal duct; what is a dacryocystography and how is it done?
Contrast study of the lacrimal duct.
1-3ml of iodinated contrast injected in dorsal or ventral nasal puncta in a dog
Rudich et al: CT of brachial plexus masses, what is the key clinical finding for brachial plexus masses?
Muscle atrophy
Rudich et al: CT of brachial plexus masses, what is the typical contrast enhancement pattern?
Rim enhancement with hypoattenuating center
Sato et al: US findings MCT, What were the changes seen in the liver in dog?
Hyperechoic
Enlarged
Hypoechoic nodules
or
NORMAL
Sato et al: US findings MCT, What were the changes seen in the spleen in dog?
Increase in size
Hypoechoic nodule/nodules
or
NORMAL
Sato et al: US findings MCT, What were the changes seen in the spleen in cat?
Increased size
Mottled
Irregular
or nodules
Sato et al: US findings MCT, Who gets GI involvement of MCT?
Cats! - Ileocecocolic junction and colon
Not dogs
Sato et al: US findings MCT, MCT in the kidney looked like?
Hypoechoic nodules in the kidney.
Sato et al: US findings MCT, where are Mast cells located mostly?
Dermis
Intestinal tract
Liver
Sato et al: US findings MCT, what breed of cat is at increased risk of developing cutaneous MCT?
Siamese
Hecht et al: testicular torsion cryptorchidism, is common associated with what?
malignant transformation - Sertoli Cell
Groman et al: Effects of serial US renal biopsies, what was the long term histopathological effects of multiple 18g needle biopsies?
Nothing (5.5% of randonly selected slices had detectable lesions)
Groman et al: Effects of serial US renal biopsies, what was the long term effects on GFR of multiple 18g needle biopsies?
Nothing
How can you get bile pleuritis without perionitis?
Injury causing adhesion of the gall bladder to the pleura.
Morandi et al: left to right cardiac shunts using scintigraphy, what is used in this study to diagnose these shunts?
99mTc MAA - If no shunt it will aggregate in the lungs
Morandi et al: left to right cardiac shunts using scintigraphy, what was the reason for asymmetry in the distribution of 99Tc MAA?
The location of the shunt… distal to the brachycephalic trunk and left subclavin artery
Morandi et al: left to right cardiac shunts using scintigraphy, how much 99mTc MAA was used?
2-4miC injected IV in the cephalic v
Murray et al: MRI DDFT horse, what was the thickest portion of the DDFT?
Mid-navicular
Murray et al: MRI DDFT horse, was there strong correlation between the medial and lateral lobes, and the right and left legs?
YES that stayed consistently the same if normal.
Murray et al: MRI DDFT horse, enlarged lobe of the DDFT was correlated with what type of lesion?
Core lesion
Drost et al: CT normal cat thyroids, normal HU of a cat thyroid? Post contrast arterial vs delayed?
123 HU - normal
132 HU - Delayed
168 HU - Arterial
Zwingberger et al: CT dual phase portal angiography normal dog, When was the peak enhancement for the aorta and the portal v?
Aorta - 15s
Portal v - 33s
Vignoli et al: CT biopsy, what was the overall accuracy of CT guided biopsy and FNA?
96% with no complications.
Schwarz et al: Thick slice reformatting from thin slices, what was the overall conclusion of this paper?
Reformatting thick slices from thinner slices (1mm to 5mm in dog, 2mm into 10mm in horses) reduces artifacts…mainly volume avg and beam hardening
Innes et al; rad progression of stifle osteoarthritis, what was the one sign that was NOT reliable?
Subchondral sclerosis.
Owen et al: Material in middle ear on MRI, what breed type is predisposed to material in the middle ear?
Brachycephalics
Owen et al: Material in middle ear on MRI, what was the imaging characteristic of otitis media?
Contrast enhancement of the bulla lining.
Fischetti et al: Gastric pneumatosis with GDV, What the positive and negative predictive value of gastric pneumatosis for predicting gastric necrosis?
Positive = 41%
Negative = 75%
Basically gastric pneumatosis is not good at predicting gastric necrosis
Fischetti et al: Gastric pneumatosis with GDV, sensitivity or specificity of gastric pneumatosis for predicting gastric necrosis?
14% sensitive
93% specific
Still not reliable indicator for indicators of resection - neither is pneumoperitoneum (called benign in humans)
Audigie et al: MRI brain abscess in filly, what was the signal characteristics of the capsule?
T1 isointense
T2 hypointense
Likely due to hemosiderin-laden macrophages.
What wobblers dog is predisposed to post-myelographic seizures?
Male dobies
What does linear traction of the cervical spine do to demonstrate dynamic compression in wobbler dogs?
Pic of a wobblers dog pre-linear traction
Reduces compression…unlike dorsal extension which increases compression
Pic after linear traction
Pease et al: US of colon thickness in horses with colonic torsion, when using >9mm for the colonic wall what was the sensitivity for predicting a colonic torsion?
67%
Pease et al: US of colon thickness in horses with colonic torsion, when using <9mm for the colonic wall what was the specificity for saying there is no a colonic torsion?
100%
OBrien et al: drug induced splenic congrestion US, what drug causes significant increase in size?
Acepromazine and thiopental
Propofol DID NOT
OBrien et al: drug induced splenic congrestion US, what other US characteristics were changed on exams after using Acepromazine?
Significantly more attenuation and backscatter indicating congestion
What is happening in this bird? The bird is ataxic and lossing weight.
The crop is small and the proventriculus is huge.
Like Proventricular dilation syndrome- Upper GI study is needed.
Bornavirus
Fife et al: Splenic masses CECT, Malignant mass were found to have what significant difference in the HUs?
Lower on both pre and post contrast.
Fife et al: Splenic masses CECT, what is the postcontrast HU cutoff of predicting malignant vs benign?
55 HU
Fife et al: Splenic masses CECT, what were the HU values for nodular hyperplasia, hematoms and splenic masses?
Nodular hyperplasia - highest 90
Hematoms - 63
Malignant - 40
Tyson et al: Skeletal atavism in a miniature horse, what is skeletal atavism?
Reappearance of a trait or character that was seen in all earlier evolutionary specimens of a particular species.
Tyson et al: Skeletal atavism in a miniature horse, what type of atavism was seen in this study?
Complete ulna and fibula in a horse
Tyson et al: Skeletal atavism in a miniature horse, most commonly seen in what type of equid?
Ponies and minature horses.
What is happening to this horse?
Atavism - complete ulna.
Hanel et al; generalized osteosclerosis in a cat, Osteopetrosis is a bone dysplasia identified by what?
Osteosclerosis with no alteration of the overall bone shape.
Caused by defective osteoclastic resorption. This causes the marrow to fill in with bone and cause marrow failure secondary to inadequate stroma.
Hanel et al; generalized osteosclerosis in a cat, osteopetrosis in cats is related to what infection?
FeLV
Hanel et al; generalized osteosclerosis in a cat, osteopetrosis is see in what type of calf?
Angus
Describe this lesion?
The laryngeal ventricles were distended with gas. There was a generalized increase in opacity to the laryngealregion with indistinct margins to the laryngeal cartilagesand oropharynx.
Consistent with laryngeal paralysis and laryngeal edema.
This was caused by a pulmonary mass involving the vagus n… ITS A THING
How could a pulmonary mass cause Lar Par?
Affecting the vagus nerve/recurrent laryngeal nerve.
Name as many of these structure for a horse myelogram.
- Occipital bone
- Atlas
- Skin
- Nuchal lig
- Rectus capitis
- Dorsal AO ligament/membrane
- Dura mater
- Subarachnoid space
- Spinal cord
- Central canal
Phenomenon that is the ventral displacement of the dura mater when performing a myelogram on a horse?
Tenting… hence you have to pop it
Murray et al: Nuc Med distal tarsus in normal horse, Where was there significantly more radiopharmecutical uptake in the distal tarsus?
Dorsal when compared to the ventral
Lateral when compared to the medial
Murray et al: Nuc Med distal tarsus in normal horse, which tarsus had more uptake?
Right compared to the left
Murray et al: Nuc Med distal tarsus in normal horse, What horse had more uptake?
Elite jumpers.
Schallberger et al: Nuc Med appearance of the dorsal cortex of the MC3 and MT3, Should you normally see the dorsal MC3 and MT3 cortext on Nuc med in adult horses?
Yes.. it is commonly seen. You have to see if it different from the other before calling it abnormal.
Gomez et al: CT vert venous system: What composes the canine vertebral venous plexus in the cervical region?
External vertebral venous plexus
Internal vertebral venous plexus
Basivertebral viens
Gomez et al: CT vert venous system: What is the vertebral venous system… what does it allow for?
Alternative route for return of blood from the body through the azygous v. bypassing the caval system
Gomez et al: CT vert venous system: What portion can you see on CT?
Only the internal vertebral venous plexus
and the vertebral veins (External vertebral venous plexus)
Gomez et al: CT vert venous system: What does the internal vertebral venous plexus communicate with rostrally? where does it end caudally?
Rostral anastamosis with the basilar sinuses
Ends at C4 to C6
Gomez et al: CT vert venous system: Where does the vertebral vein live?
The transverse foramen.
Gomez et al: CT vert venous system: The internal vertebral venous plexus communicates with the vertebral veins how?
Bi the intervertebral vein through the vertebral foramen.
Rudich et al: CT masses of brachial plexus: Tumors of the brachial plexus and lumbosacral plexus represent how much of canine nervous system tumors?
26%
Rudich et al: CT masses of brachial plexus: Where do most nerve shealth tumor originate in the cervical region?
Caudal cervical region
Originating peripherally.
Rudich et al: CT masses of brachial plexus: What percentage of these masses contrast enhanced?
83%.
Rudich et al: CT masses of brachial plexus: What was a common enhancement pattern?
Uniform to heterogeneous iwth a hypoechoic central area (necrosis).
Prominent rim enhancement was most common
Most were well defined.
Some of the masses were sarcomas, myxosarcoma, neurofirbosarcoma hence the difference in enhancement.
Rossi et al: MRI of articular process jt geometry, What was the purpose of this study?
To see if there was an association between articular process joint geometry and disc degeneration on MRI
Rossi et al: MRI of articular process jt geometry, What was the difference between GSD articular angles and other dog articular angle (see pic to see what is an articular angle)?
GSD angles were smaller.
Rossi et al: MRI of articular process jt geometry, A higher degree of joint tropism at the LS region was correlated with a what?
High MRI stage of degeneration
Rossi et al: MRI of articular process jt geometry, GSD had significantly different what in the LS?
Articular process joint angles in the transverse plane
Statistically different stages of disc degeneration
Rossmeisel et al: CT Iliopasoas injury, Can iliospoas injuries cause non-weight bearing lameness?
Yes
Rossmeisel et al: CT Iliopasoas injury, What nerve injury can you see with iliopsoas injuries?
Femoral n.
Reduced petallar reflex and withdraw
Rossmeisel et al: CT Iliopasoas injury, How to elicit pain from an iliopsoas injury?
Extend and rotate at the same time.
Rossmeisel et al: CT Iliopasoas injury, CT characteristics?
Enlarged and heterogeneously contrast enhancing
Rossmeisel et al: CT Iliopasoas injury, What is the normal HU of muscle?
45 +/- 5
Rossmeisel et al: CT Iliopasoas injury, Strains or tears are commonly seen where, while contusions are seen where?
Strains and tears are seen at the musculotendinous junction.
Contrusions seen in the muscle belly.
Rossmeisel et al: CT Iliopasoas injury, The superficial portion of the femoral nerve is what? what does it innervate?
Saphenous n
Innervates the medial cutaneous side of the pelvic limb
Armbrust et al: MRI signal of normal bone; What portion of the femur was consistently different in intensity compared to others?
The femoral condyles which were more uniformly hyperintense on T1/T2 and hypointense on STIR
Correlated with low cellularity on histo path <25%
Scharf et al: Alveolar chinococcosis in dog, CT, rads and US; Seen where?
Northern US, Northern europe and Japan
Scharf et al: Alveolar chinococcosis in dog, CT, rads and US; Common affects what organ?
Liver
Scharf et al: Alveolar chinococcosis in dog, CT, rads and US; most consistent finding?
Progressive abdominal enlargement.
Scharf et al: Alveolar chinococcosis in dog, CT, rads and US; most consistent imaging finding?
Large lobulated, cavitary masses occupying the cranioventral abdomen … Can be granular in the beginning (hailstorm)
Mineralizaiton was present in half on imaging and all in histopath. (Microcalcification)
Sternal lymphadenopathy
Lack of vascularity in the lesions
Lack of enhancement
Ober et al: Orchitis from RMSF, In general what does RMSF cause?
Systemic vasculitis.
Ober et al: Orchitis from RMSF, what are differentials for swelling testicles?
Rickettsial disease (RMSF)
Neoplasia (Seminoma, Leydig and sertoli - Lymphoma)
Torsion
Ober et al: Orchitis from RMSF, What is the difference US in orchitis and neoplasia?
Neoplasia is more prominently enlarged while orchitis is smoothly marginated and more subtle enlargement
Ober et al: Orchitis from RMSF, What can you do to diffferentiate orchitis from torsion?
Doppler bitch
Nyman et al: Review US of tumor liver mets and superficial LN, Primary malignnat or metastatic LN tend to be round with a short-to-long axis of what?
>0.5
Nyman et al: Review US of tumor liver mets and superficial LN, The abscence of a hilus has been reported in what percentage of metastatic nodes?
75%-98%
Nyman et al: Review US of tumor liver mets and superficial LN, what echogenicity are metastatic lymph nodes?
Hypoechoic
Nyman et al: Review US of tumor liver mets and superficial LN, Normal and reactive LN tend to have what type of vascularity? While metastatic have?
Hilar
Metastatic = Peripheral or avascular
Nyman et al: Review US of tumor liver mets and superficial LN, If the S/L axis is >0.65 and the is peripheral or mixed vascularity of the node, what is the sensitivity and specificity for mets in that node?
Sensitivity = 92%
Specificity = 100%
Nyman et al: Review US of tumor liver mets and superficial LN, Where does the blood to the liver come from and what is the percentage?
Hepatic artery = 20-30%
Portal vein = 70-80%
Nyman et al: Review US of tumor liver mets and superficial LN, What can large neoplastic disease (hepatocellular carcinoma) cause in a liver?
Shunting!
The tumor out grows the portal system, and actually compresses it. This cause that blood to divert and a lot of times it causes shunting…macro and micro.
Nyman et al: Review US of tumor liver mets and superficial LN, In contrast enhanced US, hepatocellular carcinoma has what enhancement in the arterial and portal?
Arterial = hyperechoic
Portal = isoechoic to the liver.
This is due to the lack of portal vasculature.
Olivier-Carstens: US of solar aspect of distal phalanx in a horse, What measurements were performed in this study?
- Sole to tip of P3
- Sole of the apex of the frog to distal P3
- Body of frog to flexor surface of distal sesamoid bone
No stat difference between US and rads on 1 and 2… Stat difference in 3 was likely due to trimming.
Hayward et al: Radigraphic appearance of pulmonary vasculature in a cat; What is the normal range for the right cranial artery compared to the 4th rib in normal cats?
0.5-1.0 with a mean of 0.7.
Hayward et al: Radigraphic appearance of pulmonary vasculature in a cat; What percentage of cats had equal size veins and arteries on rads?
74%
Hayward et al: Radigraphic appearance of pulmonary vasculature in a cat; What is the normal range for the right cranial artery compared to the 4th rib in normal dogs?
0.26-1.2
Hayward et al: Radigraphic appearance of pulmonary vasculature in a cat; The cats with HCM, if the vessels were different size, tended to have what vessels enlarged compared to normal cats?
HCM - veins were usually enlarged
Normal cats - arteries were usually enlarged.
Monteiro et al: US findings of abdominal carcinomatosis in cats: what were the most common primary tumors?
Liver #1
pancreas
SI
Monteiro et al: US findings of abdominal carcinomatosis in cats: What imaging characteristics were seen in all cats?
Free peritoneal fluid
Masses in the connecting peritoneum
Monteiro et al: US findings of abdominal carcinomatosis in cats: Another common finding in cats with carcinomatosis?
Masses in abdominal organs.
O’Brien et al: CE US off spontaneous liver nodules in dogs: What was the difference between malignant nodules and benign nodules after contrast?
Malignant nodules had improved conspicuity and more nodules were seen
Opposite for benign nodules.
O’Brien et al: CE US off spontaneous liver nodules in dogs: There was a highly significant association between malignancy and what?
A nodule being hypoechoic at peak enhancement of the liver.
100% sensitive
94% specific
94% PPV
100% NPV
97% Accurate
O’Brien et al: CE US off spontaneous liver nodules in dogs: What type of CE was used?
Definity microbubbles ffilled with octafluoropropane gas.
Cruz et al: Histiocytic neoplasms in the canine abdomen US: What was the most commonly affected organ?
Spleen
Cruz et al: Histiocytic neoplasms in the canine abdomen US: What was the most common US signs in the spleen for histiocytic neoplasm?
Multiple hypoechoic nodules.
Cruz et al: Histiocytic neoplasms in the canine abdomen US: What was the second most commonly affect organ?
Liver - again, multiple small hypoechoic nodules.
Cruz et al: Histiocytic neoplasms in the canine abdomen US: Was it possible to differentiate Malignant histiocytosis vs malignant fibrous histiocytoma vs histiocytic sarcoma?
NO.. All produced hypoechoic nodules in any organ they touched.
Kneissl et al: low-field MRI of dog middle and inner ear: What sequence can be used to assess the inner ear and neighboring structures?
Steady-state echo pulse sequence at 0.9mm thickness
Kneissl et al: low-field MRI of dog middle and inner ear: What structures could not be seen?
Auditory ossicles
Tympanic membrane
Yoon et al; CT mediastinal masses; Does CT appearance of the mediastinal masses correlate with histopathologic results?
NO
Yoon et al; CT mediastinal masses; Most common mediastinal masses?
Lymphoma
Thymoma
Ectopic thyroids
Chemodectomas
Cysts
What are primary and secondary causes of lymphangiectasia?
Primary is just abnormal lactels
Secondary causes: Right sided heart failure, mesenteric lymph node disease, portal hypertension. thoracic duct problem.
What are photopenic areas on bone scinitigraphy mean?
Necrosis
Neoplasia
Infarct.
Pennick et al: US and PSS: What is the sensitvity, specificity, PPV, NPV and accuracy of US in finding PSS?
Ultrasonography was 92% sensitive
98% specific
positive and negative predictive values of 98% and 89%,
overall accuracy of 95%
