VRU 2007 Flashcards
What are the top breeds for skeletal histiocytic sarcoma? And age?
Goldens
Rotties
Over 5 years of age
History of lameness or neurologic deficits
Where does skeletal histiocytic sarcoma like to be located?
Periarticular - most common!
Vertebral
Proximal humerus - Differential for primary bone tumor
Most skeletal histiocytic sarcomas have what associated with the bony destruction?
Soft tissue mass
Periarticular histiocytic sarcoma likely involves multiple periarticular bones or just one?
Multiple. It is likely the histiocytes come from the synovium.
What two characteristics are associated with diseeminated histiocytic sarcoma disease?
- Rotties - All rotties had disseminated disease
- Bony involvement.
Disseminated is multiple organs while local is one organ with LN involvement.
Rose et al: Standing myelogram in horse: What contrast was used?
iohexol - non-ionic Monomer
Rose et al: Standing myelogram in horse: Why did the other advise against a cervical approach?
Lack of consistently good flow.
What should be the cutoff days for letting cats go (in days) be after I131 treatment due to Surface containation (from licking (saliva) and urination).
7 days
Marolf et al: Tracheal collapse and bronchiectasis in dogs: How much more times are dogs with tracheal collapse likely to have bronchiectasis?
6x more likely.
Marolf et al: Tracheal collapse and bronchiectasis in dogs: Why are dogs with tracheal collapse predisposed to bronchiectasis?
Tracheal collapse is related to chronic inflammation and mucosal congestion hindering the mucociliary clearance
Marolf et al: Tracheal collapse and bronchiectasis in dogs: What percentage of dogs had bronchiectasis in just one lobe vs multiple? which lobe was most affected?
50/50 with the cranial lung lobes being most affected.
Kinns et al: Malignant LN and US hetterogeneity: What was the percentage of heterogeneous LN that were malignant in dogs and cats, and was this significant?
Dogs: 91% of heterogenous LN were malignant - Yes significance
Cats: 63% of heter LN were malignant - NO significance - LIKELY do to most of cat neoplasia is lymphoma
Martinez et al: Hypoechoic renal subcapsular thickening and lymphoma in cats: What was the PPV, NPV sensitivity and specificity of renal hypoechoic subcapsular thickening being lymphosarcoma?
PPV: 81%
NPV: 67%
Sensitivity: 61%
Specificity: 85%
This means that if you have it it is likely lymphoma… if you don’t have it…still could be lymphoma!
Martinez et al: Hypoechoic renal subcapsular thickening and lymphoma in cats: Renal lymphoma represents what percentage of all lymphomas in cats?
5-20%
Martinez et al: Hypoechoic renal subcapsular thickening and lymphoma in cats: What was the most common appearance? Crescent shaped or rim-like?
Crescent shaped.
Martinez et al: Hypoechoic renal subcapsular thickening and lymphoma in cats: Uncommon differentials for this finding?
Different types of neoplasia
Chronic active nephritis from FIP.
Ohlerth et al: Contrast harmonic normal dog spleen: What was the peak intensity and time to peak enhancement?
- 6dB
- 6s
Ohlerth et al: Contrast harmonic normal dog spleen: Was there a significant difference between weight groups in peak intensity, time to peak or AUC?
No.. no associatation found with CBC differences, blood pressure, HR, age, gender… NOTHING.
Cole et al: CECT auditory tube: Explain the procedure?
Dog in lateral recumbency
Myringotomy was made
Contrast infused into the ear canal and middle ear with a balloon-tip catheter (1:1 ratio of water to Contrast)
Contrast ear canalography with 1:1 iohexol showed what type of adverse reactions?
NONE: but they flushed after.
Iseri et al: Pancreatic CECT in dogs: What was the normal arterial and pancreatic times for enhancement? What was the normal enhancement values of the pancreas?
15s arterial
28s pancreatic
118+/- 16 HU for pancreas.
Iseri et al: Pancreatic CECT in dogs: when was the highest difference between the insulinoma HU and normal pancreatic HU?
The arterial phase!
What is the most common canine pancreatic endocrine tumor?
Insulinoma.
Van der et al: Dynamic CT for Pituitary gland: What is the best protocol for pituitary gland scanning?
1 mm slices
pitch of 2.
Differentiates neuro from adenohypophysis.
Thomason et al: Changes in dorasl acetabular ridge and rotation of hips; Ventral rotation will cause the acetabulum to look smaller or larger?
Smaller
O’Brien: Detection of hepatic hemangio mets CEUS; What were the appearance of the nodules after CE?
Hypoechoic — lack of normal blood architechture.
Hecht et al: Pancreatic neoplasia and nodular hyperplasia cats; What was the only unique imaging finding in malignant pancreatic tumors?
Single pancreatic nodule
Mass exceeding 2 cm
Nodular hyperplasia had lymphadenopathy, abdominal effusion, and mass effect on rads.
Hecht et al: Pancreatic neoplasia and nodular hyperplasia cats; What was the most common radiographic finding of pancreatic nodular hyperplasia? Neoplasia?
Mass effect. - nodular hyperplasia
Mass effect and abdominal effusion - neoplasia
Can US and rads replace cytology when dealing with neoplasia vs nodular hyperplasia of the pancreas in a cat?
NO
Kneissl et al: MRI features of orital inflammation: What canals were used for intracranial extension? Which one was most common?
Optic canal
Orbital fissure — most common
Alar canal
Kneissl et al: MRI features of orital inflammation: What sequences were most helpful?
Transverse- T2
Dorsal - STIR
Trans or dorsal - Post contrast
Holloway et al: Perirenal effusion in dogs and cats with AKI: Was the volume of the perirenal fluid associated with severity of renal dysfunction?
No.
Holloway et al: Perirenal effusion in dogs and cats with AKI: How is perirenal fluid developed?
Ultrafiltrate that backs up into the renal interstitium from the tubules that then overwhelms the lymphatics
Holloway et al: Perirenal effusion in dogs and cats with AKI: Common renal changes associated with perirenal effusion?
Pyelectasia
Increase renal echogenicity
Change in size (mostly increased)
Ureteral or renal calculi.
Thoracic histiocytic sarcoma characteristics are?
Lymphadenopathy, pleural effusion.
Right middle lung lobe.
Cole et al: Transsplenic portal scintigraphy 99mTc -Mebrofenin: What was the time to peak liver activity and 1/2 life of hepatic excretion? Visulaization of defined biliary activity?
2-4min - Peak activity
6-11 min - biliary tree visualization
13-26min- 1/2 of hepatic excretion
Cole et al: Transsplenic portal scintigraphy 99mTc -Mebrofenin: Why could transit times not be calculated like with 99mTc - pertech?
Due to the large amount of hepatic extraction of mebrofenin.
What is the normal hepatic extraction efficiency of 99mtc-mebrofenin? What would be seen if hepatic failure?
>90%
Blood pooliing and cardiac activity. (lack of extraction)
Trasch et al: US of canine mastitis: What was the characteristics of infected mammary gland tissue?
Loss of distinct layering
Reuced echogenicity
Trasch et al: US of canine mastitis: What might be able to predict outcomes of mastitis?
Doppler - Reduced blood vessel density centrally
B-Mode was not able to do this.
H van et al: CT of the pituitary gland in healthy dogs; Which portion of the pituitary gland enhances first?
Neurohypophysis.. which is more caudal (posterior)
H van et al: CT of the pituitary gland in healthy dogs; Where does the neurohypophysis originate from and where does the adenohypophysis originated from?
Neurohypohysis = neuro diencephalon tissue
Adenohypophysis = roof of nasal cavity.
Seiler et al: CT features of skull osteomyelitis in dogs: Osteomyelitis was most commonly caused by what?
Trauma or bite wounds with Staph aureus being the most common pathogen.
Seiler et al: CT features of skull osteomyelitis in dogs: Where are the common sites for osteomyelitis and why?
Long bones and vertebrae of growing animals
Bacteria migrate to metaphyses and epiphyses where sluggish and turbulent blood flow in the venous sinusoids in the growing bone facilitates bacterial seeding.
Seiler et al: CT features of skull osteomyelitis in dogs: What are the radiographic appearances of osteomyelitis?
Multifocal bone lysis
Poorly defined margins
Sclerosis
Irregular periosteal reacion
Sequestra
Seiler et al: CT features of skull osteomyelitis in dogs: The features in this studyy were aggressive or subtle?
Very aggressive with extensive bone lysis, proliferation and soft tissue thickening.
Juvenile neoplasia: Osteosarc, lymphoma, Ewing’s Sarcoma are hard to destinugish
Osteomyeolitis is commonly more sclerosis and periosteal reaction and not lysis
Taeymans et al: US of hypothyroid dogs: What first presentation charactistics of the thyroid gland (if all 5 combined) gave a 94% sensitivity in detection of acquired hypothroidism?
Decreased echogenicity - 77% sensitive by itself
Inhomogeneity - 65%
Irregualr capsule delineation - 71%
Abnormal lobe shape - 65%
Decreased relative thyroid volume - 47%
Taeymans et al: US of hypothyroid dogs: What is the advocated cut-off for normal volume of a canine thyroid gland?
0.05ml/kg0.75
Schultz et al: MRI of Trigem disorders: What were the two histopath diagnosis?
Neuritis (2/6)
Nerve sheath tumor (4/6)
Schultz et al: MRI of Trigem disorders: What was the main difference between neuritis and Nerve shealth tumors?
Neuritis - hyperintense on T2, diffuse enlargment of the nerve
NST- Isointense on T2, Focal mass (picture)
Schultz et al: MRI of Trigem disorders: What was the clinical sign seen in all dogs with neuritis and nerve shealth tumors?
Masticatory muscle atrophy. T1 hyperintensity in the muscle.
Decreased facial and corneal sensation
Smith et al: US intestinal hyperechoic mucosal striations in dogs: What do they hyperechoic striation mean on US?
Lacteal dilation
Smith et al: US intestinal hyperechoic mucosal striations in dogs: What is lacteal dilation frequently associated with?
Mucosal inflammation (91%) and PLE (78%)
Smith et al: US intestinal hyperechoic mucosal striations in dogs: What are common additional US findings in dogs with hyperechoic mucosal striations?
Mild jejunal and duodenal thickening
Mucosal speckles
abdominal effusion (87%)
One dog had a focal lymphangiectasia mass - looked like neoplasia
Kraft et al: PNST in dogs on MRI: What two types of PNST morphology is there?
Diffuse nerve thickening
Circumscribed mass
Kraft et al: PNST in dogs on MRI: Characteristics of PNST?
T2 hyperintense to muscle
T1 isointense to muscle
Most heterogeneously contrast enhanced.
Kraft et al: PNST in dogs on MRI: What type of FOV was recommended? What was a small FOV used for?
Large to compare both axillary regions.
Small FOV was used to see nerve root or spinal invasion. - important*** cause they have a poor outcome.
Kraft et al: PNST in dogs on MRI: What type of dogs were these?
Medium to large breed— all over 20kg
Some dogs just had cervical pain only.
Kraft et al: PNST in dogs on MRI: where does the brachial plexus arise from?
Last 3 cervical and first two thoracic spinal nerves
Kraft et al: PNST in dogs on MRI: What were the most helpful sequences?
T2 and T1 (pre and post), STIR
PD sucked.
T1 contrast was CRITICAL in detecting subtle involvment and identifying full extent
Pollard et al: Pharyngeal constriction ratio dogs: What are common additional conditions with pharyngeal dysphagic dogs?
Lar Par
Myositis (4/5 were boxers)
Difficultly opening mouth.
Pollard et al: Pharyngeal constriction ratio dogs: Significant differences between dogs with poor pharyngeal contraction and criopharyngeal dysynchrony, and normal dogs?
Pharyngeal contriction ratio: 0.6 mean for poor contraction and crioco dys
0.15 mean for normal dogs
There was some overlap
Pollard et al: Pharyngeal constriction ratio dogs: Significant differences between dogs with just poor pharyngeal contraction vs criopharyngeal dysynchrony?
Time to upper esphageal schincter opening
poor pharyngeal contraction - 0.7 mean (like normal)
criopharyngeal dysynchrony - 0.28 mean
Hard pharygneal
Pollard et al: Pharyngeal constriction ratio dogs: Is movement of the larynx associated with degree of pharyngeal contractions in dogs?
NO— not like humans.
Pollard et al: Pharyngeal constriction ratio dogs: How to tell dysnchrony apart from reduced pharyngeal contractions?
Both have elevated PCRatios (C)
But dsynchrony will have long time to opening of the UES (D).
Why this is important? Because Dysnchrony will have a good outcome if just by itself with surgery.
Cole et al: Equine mast cell tumor: What are the characteristics of a mast cell tumor on a horse?
Benign
Solitary
No bony involvement
Head, neck, truck or limbs
Next to joints
Well-circumscribed ST mass with granular mineralization
Cole et al: Equine mast cell tumor: What breed is overrepresented?
Arabian.
Cole et al: Equine mast cell tumor: What other ddx are there, though less likely?
Calcinosis circumscripta
Mineralizing granuloma.
Hugues et al: US cats CBD obstruction: What is the cutoff for a dilated CBD in a cat?
5mm
Hugues et al: US cats CBD obstruction: What was the most common cause of CBD obstruction?
Neoplasia (12/30) - 50% biliary tract carcinoma
Inflammation 11/30 - panc, duodenum or CBD
Cholelith 7/30
No significant mortality rate difference between all three
Hugues et al: US cats CBD obstruction: Did degree of dilation help in differentiating the cause of the obstruction?
NO.
Hugues et al: US cats CBD obstruction: What are important US characteristics that make you think obstruction?
Intrahepatic and/or extrahepatic duct dilation - 90% of cats had these
Gallbladder distension was less than reliable 43% only
Hugues et al: US cats CBD obstruction: What etiology was more prone to acute onset of clinical signs?
Cholelith
Hugues et al: US cats CBD obstruction: What two etiologies could not be differentiated from each other?
Inflammation and neoplasia.
Mareschal et al: US kidney to aorta ratio: What are the low and high cutoff proposed?
Low: <5.5
High: >9.1
Benigni et al: US of the canine sciatic nerve: What are the two components of the sciatic nerve and when are the visualized?
Common peroneal (smaller and more cranial)
Tibial nerve
The are seen through the entire length of the nerve until they branch.
Benigni et al: US of the canine sciatic nerve: What side of the hind leg is the sciatice nerve on?
Lateral
Marin et al: VHS racing greyhounds, What is the greyhounds VHS?
10.5 +/- 0.1
This is stats bigger than Rotties and other dog breeds.
Novellas et al: Sedation Midaz and butorpahol effects on RI and PI: What does this sedation do to the normal RI and PI?
Increase them.
Compouding imaging in US reduces what artifact?
Speckle and clutter
What trochlearr ridge in dogs is easier to miss OCD lesions?
Lateral
How much of the trochlear ridge can be seen on US?
75% - including the most common OCD sites
What is the definition of a bone bruise?
Acute traumatic microfracture of trabecular bone with hemorrhage and edema in the marrow that may occur without grossly visible disruption of the adjacent cortices or overlying cartilage
Winegardener et al: MRI of subarticular bone marrow lesions dog in stifle: What sequence was used and what was commonly seen?
High intensity STIR
At the intercondylar eminence of the tibia
Intercondylar fossa of the femur.
Winegardener et al: MRI of subarticular bone marrow lesions dog in stifle: What were the common etiologies that caused this STIR change?
CCL tear *** most common
CCL partial tear
Synovitis
Winegardener et al: MRI of subarticular bone marrow lesions dog in stifle: What is the most common meniscus to be injuried?
Caudal portion of the medial meniscus.
Whatmoughh et al: US compounding: What are the two types of compounding?
Frequency compounding: Sends out slightly different frequencies and receives them back, overlaps them and creates a better picture
Spatial compounding: Sends out diffferent angled beams and recieves them to make a picture.
Whatmoughh et al: US compounding: What does compounding accomplish?
Reduced speckle
Reduction in clutter, shadowing, echo drop-out
Increase contrast resolution
Increase visibility of lesion margins
Whatmoughh et al: US compounding: What type of probe is needed for an aperture-based (spatial) compounding?
Wide footprint - Linear or curvilinear probe.
Whatmoughh et al: US compounding: Harmonics or compounding causes better lateral resolution?
Harmonics!
Whatmoughh et al: US compounding: Observers judged what to be the best quality in compounding?
Combination of transmit and recieve (spatial and frequency).
Martig et al: MRI characteristics of bone marrow lesions in dogs with experimentally induced osteoarthritis: Where were lesions commonly seen after CCL was transected?
Epiphyseal and metaphayseal region of the tibial eminence.
Martig et al: MRI characteristics of bone marrow lesions in dogs with experimentally induced osteoarthritis: What did the hyperintense lesions represent on histopathology in dogs with OA of the stifle?
Edema - but not always
Cellular infiltrates as well such as hematopoietic cellls
Scrivani et al: Assessing asymmetry during pertechnetate scan in hyperthyroid cats: What was this study about?
Wanted to see if Thyroid:tthyroid ratio was more accurate than visual inspection when assessing asymmetry in a cat. Also, does asymmetry confirm hyperthryoid.
Scrivani et al: Assessing asymmetry during pertechnetate scan in hyperthyroid cats: What is the cut off for Thyroid:thyroid ratio (T:T) and what is it used for?
Cut off is 1.5
Used to judge asymmetry in the thyroids.
Scrivani et al: Assessing asymmetry during pertechnetate scan in hyperthyroid cats: What was the conclusion in this?
T:T ratio can be helpful by increasing specificity
Thyroid asymetry is seen more commonly in hyperthyroid cats but are also seen in euthyroid cats as well. SO CAUTION.
Drum et al: Histopath vs CT Bone density in the distal MC3 in horses: There is a strong correlation between CT density and histopath lesions of the distal MC3. T/F?
False.. not a good correlation.
Talking about POD lesions
Brokken et al: MRI features of MC3 and MT3 injuries in horses: Features of proximal suspensory lig and accessory lig of the DDFT injuries include?
High signal
Enlargement
Alteration in shape
Brokken et al: MRI features of MC3 and MT3 injuries in horses: How many horse were able to return to work?
80% if proximal suspensory lig in the frontlimb
69% if proximal suspensory lig in the hindlimb
63% if accessory ligament of the DDFT
So a fair number.
Brokken et al: MRI features of MC3 and MT3 injuries in horses: What are the BIG ddx of injury to the proximal MC3 or MT3?
Avulsion of the suspensory
Cortical stress fractures
Suspesory desmitis
Acessory lig of the DDFT desmitis
Fracture of the proximal splints
SDFT or DDFT tendonitis
Brokken et al: MRI features of MC3 and MT3 injuries in horses: The accessory ligament of the DDF (AKA distal check lig) is a continuation of what ligament of the carpus?
Common palmar ligament.
Brokken et al: MRI features of MC3 and MT3 injuries in horses: Low signal on MRI means what?
Sclerosis
Necrosis (if surrounded by hyperintensity)
Where is the most common place for OC fragments to be in the carpus?
The dorsal aspect (but not all the time)
In the palmar side it is most common in the palmar lateral pouch - between the ulnar carpal bone and the 4th carpal bone (pic)
The lateral intercarpal ligament attaches what bones? Can it been seen from a lateral pouch approach of the carpus?
Ulnar carpal and 3rd carpal.
Yes it can.. proximal part.
Gorgas et al: Sacroiliac joint radiographs: What is abdominal blurring and what does it do?
Increased ventilation to cause motion of the abdomen and then take a long exposure (5s). This allows better visualization of the bony structures of the sacroiliac joint.
Gorgas et al: Sacroiliac joint radiographs: what was a common abnormality in the horse radiographs and what sex prediclect did it have?
Caudal sacral bony proliferation
Males had significantly larger.
Bailey et al: Focal uptake in dorsoproximal P1 in horses: What horses was it most commonly seen and what limbs?
Older Heavy warmblood, show jumpers and dressage
Forelimbs more common
Usually bilateral and NOT associated with lameness.
Focal photopenic areas on scintigraphy. DDX?
Necrosis
Abscess
Infarct/thrombosis (see pic of laminitic thrombosis)
Sequestrum
Dyson et al: Scintigraphy of the stifle in horses: What was the normal uptake pattern in a mature horse?
Highest uptake: Patella and caudoproximal tibia
Dyson et al: Scintigraphy of the stifle in horses: What was the normal uptake pattern in an immature horse?
Highest uptake: Caudoproxiaml and cranioproximal tibia
Dyson et al: Scintigraphy of the stifle in horses: What was the change in the up of the stifle in horses with front limb lameness?
No difference!
Dyson et al: Scintigraphy of horses with prox suspensory desmitis: Most of the horse with prox. suspensory desmitis had what kind of uptake in the prox MT/C3?
Normal uptake.
Dyson et al: Scintigraphy of horses with prox suspensory desmitis: There was a greater uptake in plantar images in lame limbs compared to nonlame limbs on ROI. T/F
True
Dyson et al: Scintigraphy of horses with prox suspensory desmitis: There was an association between radiopharm uptake and US grade in both legs. T/F?
False— just in the hind legs
What are the US changes in cows with pyelonephritis and what are the two most common bacteria?
US changes: Enlarged kidneys, echogenic material, dilated renal sinus, poor cortical medullary differentiation
Corynebacterium renale and E. coli.
Sampson et al: MRI of oblique and straight distal sesamoidean desmitis; What ligaments are most commonly effected?
Oblique by a lot
Sampson et al: MRI of oblique and straight distal sesamoidean desmitis; Where do the obliques and the straights attach and originate?
Oblique
Originate = Base of the prox sesamoid bones
Attach= Mid/Distal P1 (roughened area)
Straight (pictured with lesion)
Originate = Base of the prox sesamoid bones AND inter sesamoidean lig
Attach= P2 scutum (along with the SDF and axial/abaxial lig of the prox interphalangeal joint)
Sampson et al: MRI of oblique and straight distal sesamoidean desmitis; what is the role of the straight and oblique distal sesamoidean ligaments?
Hold the proximal sesamoid bones to P1 and P2
Sampson et al: MRI of oblique and straight distal sesamoidean desmitis; US is a useful tool when assessing the Distal sesamoidean ligamnets?
NO.. lesions were not visible on 25/27 horses.
Common location of an intracranial epidermoid cyst?
Cerebellopontine angle or 4th ventricle —– this are slowly progressing and therefore
How do you differentiate an epidermoid cyst from an arachnoid cyst?
You FLAIR out the arachnoid but you can’t to the epidermoid.
Why might epidermoid cysts be T1 hyperintense?
They contain cholesterol - CAN’T tell the difference from this and a dermoid cyst.
Differentials for epidermoid cyst?
Dermoid cyst
Archnoid diverticulum
Abscess
Cystic or necrotic tumor.
Ddx for articular process masses in the spine?
Synovial cyst
STS
Myxosarcoma
Granuloma
