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VRU 2002 Flashcards

1
Q

Ramirez et al: What is the most common organ associated with histiocytic sarcoma?

A

Spleen Then liver and lymph nodes

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2
Q

That is the common finding in on US with a spleen affected by histiocytic sarcoma?

A

Well-defined hypoechoic nodules

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3
Q

That is the common finding in on US with a liver affected by histiocytic sarcoma?

A

Well-defined nodules that vary widely with echogenicity from hypo to hyper.

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4
Q

What were the most common LN affected by histiocytic sarcoma in the abdomen?

A

Mesenteric Medial iliac

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5
Q

Saunders et al: CT Nasal Aspergillosis in Dogs, What are the most commonly encountered CT findings of nasal aspergillosis in dogs?

A
  1. Moderate to severe cavitary destruction of the turbinates
  2. Non-specific thickening of the mucosa adjacent to the inner surface of bones of the frontal sinus, maxillary recess and nasal cavity
  3. Thickened reactive bone.
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6
Q

Saunders et al: CT Nasal Aspergillosis in Dogs, Attenuation values and contrast values were helpful or not helpful with dogs with nasal aspergillosis?

A

Not helpful/non-specific

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7
Q

Saunders et al: CT Nasal Aspergillosis in Dogs, CT findings are consistent with what type of disease progression?

A

1st - one nasal cavity, then ipsilateral frontal sinus, then contralateral nasal cavity then contralateral frontal sinus.

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8
Q

Saunders et al: CT Nasal Aspergillosis in Dogs, What percentage of dogs with chronic nasal dischange have fungal rhinitis?

A

7-34%

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9
Q

Saunders et al: CT Nasal Aspergillosis in Dogs, For what findings should nasal aspergillosis be the primary differential when assessing dogs with CT?

A

Cavitated lysis of the turbinates Thickening of the nasal mucosa along the bones of the nasal cavity or frontal sinus.

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10
Q

Mellema et al: Meningeal enhancement MRI, what coorelation was seen between meningeal enhancement and diagnosis?

A

None.

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11
Q

Saito et al: CT findings of intracranial blasto, what are the main CT findings of intracranial blasto?

A
  1. Periventricular enhancement consistent with ependymitis 2. Ventriculomegaly
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12
Q

What is the likely diagnosis? Other differentials?

A

Osteoma is the likely diagnosis

Osteosarcoma

Granuloma

Infarct

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13
Q
A
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14
Q

Chang et al: Superparamagnetic iron oxide-enhance MRI of liver in dogs, what does iron oxide cause in the liver?

A

Shortened T2 relaxation

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15
Q

hang et al: Superparamagnetic iron oxide-enhance MRI of liver in dogs, iron oxide is taken up by what cells in the liver?

A

Kupffer cells

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16
Q

Chang et al: Superparamagnetic iron oxide-enhance MRI of liver in dogs, why do liver tumors not uptake iron oxide?

A

Because tumors do not have kupffer cells thus tumors do not have a loss of uptake in the liver.

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17
Q

Chang et al: Superparamagnetic iron oxide-enhance MRI of liver in dogs, what was the adverse effect of iron oxide?

A

Nothing

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18
Q

Chang et al: Superparamagnetic iron oxide-enhance MRI of liver in dogs, how much did the signal intensity drop in 20min?

A

65.7% +/- 10%

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19
Q

Horse is having gradual increase in dyspnea… what are your differentials?

A

Arytenoid chondritis - what it is.

Nasal cyst/polyp

retropharyngeal abscess

foreign body

neoplasia

epiglottic cyst.

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20
Q

Congenital tumors in cattle?

A

mesothelioma

melanoma

nephroblastoma

lipoma

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21
Q

What is the reported tumor-track implanation rate for FNA of bladder masses in humans?

A

0.009%

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22
Q

What increases the risk of potential implantation after FNA of bladder masses?

A

Large gauge needles (<21g)

multiple pokes

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23
Q

Nyland et al: Neddle tract implantation TCC, what is the take home?

A

Implantation is rare.

It may happen and there for if resectable then probably try something else.

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24
Q

Where do cats commonly get TCC?

A

Apex of bladder

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25
Q

What breed of dog is predisopsed to cranial mandibular osteotomy?

A

Westies

Scotties

Cairne

3-7months of age.. look at TMJ to make sure it is not involved

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26
Q

TMJ dysplasia is associated with what breeds?

A

Bassets

Irish setters

Dashshunds

Cockers

CKCS

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27
Q

What is the difference between true ankalosing and false ankalosing?

A

True is from pathology in the TMJ

False is pathology around the TMJ causing reduction of TMJ movemnent

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28
Q

[18F]Fluorobenzylguanidine ([18F-PFBG) is used for what?

A

Norepiephrine analog and used for imaging pheochromcytoma

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29
Q

Cuccovillo et al: target lesions and cytology results, what is the positive predictive value of one target lesion in either the liver or spleen? Multiple lesions?

A

One target: 74%

More than one: 81%

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30
Q

Lamb et al: Accuracy of radiographs with IVD protrusion, what was the positive predictive value of the narrowed disc space?

A

63-71%

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31
Q

Lamb et al: Accuracy of radiographs with IVD protrusion, was radiographs accurate enough to attempt surgery on suspected IVDD sites?

A

No.. not without further imaging

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32
Q

Lamb et al: Accuracy of radiographs with IVD protrusion, what are the radiographic signs of intervertebral disc protrusion?

A

Narrowed intervertebral space

Narrowed dorsal articulation

Small or opaque intervertebral foramen

Calcified material in the vertebral canal

Vaccum phenomenon

Automyelogram (dural calcification deviated dorsally)

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33
Q

Innes et al; changes in the canine stfile post CCL surgery, used the femoropatellar joint space to access cartilage thickness (as seen here) and found that there was a significant correlation… T/F?

A

True.

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34
Q

Innes et al; changes in the canine stfile post CCL surgery, found the biggest change in femoropatellar joint thickness was when?

A

Between 0 and 7 months.

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35
Q

Innes et al; changes in the canine stfile post CCL surgery, what factor influenced this measurement the most between patients?

A

Body weight.

36
Q

Walker et al: Meniscal ossicles in non-domestic cats, what group of non-domesticed cats were not found to have meniscal ossicles?

A

Bobcats.

37
Q

Essman et al: intrathoracic peripheral nerve sheath tumor in dog, what species of animal get intrathoracic peripheral nerve shealth tumor? What do they look like?

A

Cattle…commonly multiple in the cranial mediastinum

38
Q

Essman et al: intrathoracic peripheral nerve sheath tumor in dog, neurogenic tumors make up 20-35% of all mediastinal masses and are classified into three groups that include?

A

Peripheral nerves

Symphathetic ganglia

Parasympathetic ganglia

39
Q

Dixie et al; CKCS and TMJ dysplasia, This is commonly a pathologic finding in CKCS…T/F

A

False… it is commonly incidental

40
Q

Dixie et al; CKCS and TMJ dysplasia, what are common radiographic/CT findings of TMJ dysplasia?

A

Rostrally located retroarticular processes

Misshapen fossa

Widening of the joint space

Sclerosis of the condylar process.

41
Q

Ballegeer et al: radiographic appearance of bronchoalveolar carcinoma in cats, what were the three main categories?

A

Mixed bronchoalveolar pattern

Ill-defined alveolar mass

Mass with cavitation

42
Q

Ballegeer et al: radiographic appearance of bronchoalveolar carcinoma in cats, all cats had some form of what type of disease which may aid in the diagnosis of bronchoalveolar carcinoma?

A

Bronchial disease which may represent airway metastasis due to the unique characteristic of extension along existing airways and alveolar septa.

43
Q

Ballegeer et al: radiographic appearance of bronchoalveolar carcinoma in cats, what was the most common finding or type of BAC found?

A

Cavitary mass.

44
Q

Ballegeer et al: radiographic appearance of bronchoalveolar carcinoma in cats, what was the most common metastic site for BAC?

A

TB lymph nodes

45
Q

Rettenmaier et al: Prevalence of canine hip dysplasia, there was a clinical significance between hip dysplasia between sexes, and between purebred and mixed breed dogs… T/F

A

False.. no difference.

46
Q

Rettenmaier et al: Prevalence of canine hip dysplasia, what was the most common radiographic manifestation of hip dysplasia after 12 months? Before?

A

After: DJD

Before: Subluxation

47
Q

Lamb et al: Myelography in dogs with myelomalacia, what were the most common radiographic signs of myelomalacia?

A

Contrast medium infiltratioon into the spinal cord

Spinal cord swelling.

48
Q

Magnetic susceptibility can be increased by lengthening the what?

A

TE

49
Q

Saito et al: MRI features of lissencephaly, what are the imaging characteristics of lissencephaly?

A

Smooth cerebral surface

Thick neocortex

No corona radiata

50
Q

Saito et al: MRI features of lissencephaly, what breed is lissencephaly only reported in?

A

Lhasa Apsos

51
Q

Chordomas are commonly found in what animal and where?

A

Ferrets in the caudal vertebrae (sacrum)

52
Q

Reichle et al: Renal US, CT and functional testing, what was the difference between normal cats and cats with polycystic kidney disease?

A

Nothing.

53
Q

Daniel et al: Quantitative thyroid scintigraphy as a predicotr of serum T4,

What was the best quantitative parameters that significantly correlated with serum T4?

A

20mins thyroid:salivary ratio off the most intense of the two lobes

All parameters were correlated.

54
Q

Zekas et al: cranial mediastinal cysts in cats, what is the most common consequence of these cysts in cats? Dogs?

A

Cats are usually asymmetamatic - has cause dyspnea and pleural effusion (rarely)

Dogs commonly cause problems and can rupture to create a shit sandwich

55
Q

Schwarz et al: Aortic and cardia mineralization in the dog, what breed is over represented?

A

Rotties

56
Q

Busoni et al: The magic angle of the DDF, what was the magic angle where the intensity of the DDF continues to increase til it reaches this point?

A

55 degrees

57
Q

Busoni et al: The magic angle of the DDF, TE in this study was low or high?

A

Low (15ms)… the higher the TE the less the magic angle

58
Q

Busoni et al: The magic angle of the DDF, how does the magic angle happen?

A

Tendons are acellular and composed of parallel bundles. This highly ordered structure is thought to restrict motion of water and enhance dipolar interations greatly

59
Q

Busoni et al: The magic angle of the DDF, what parameters of TE and flip angles produce the greatest magic angle?

A

Low TE

High flip angle

60
Q

Busoni et al: The magic angle of the DDF, did extension of the metacarpophalangeal joint help reduce the magic angle?

A

No… signal intensity was independent of the joint extension.

61
Q

Wallack et al: Accuracy of MRI for estimating intramedullary osteosarc extent, accuracy of MRI was? CT? Rads? Scintigraphy?

A
  1. MRI tends to overestimate the length by 3 +/- 13%
  2. Craniocadual rads 4 +/- 26%
  3. Scintigraphy overstimates 14 +/- 28%
  4. Lateromedial rads 17 +/- 28%
  5. CT overestimates 27 +/- 36%
62
Q

Wallack et al: Accuracy of MRI for estimating intramedullary osteosarc extent, what was the best sequence to use?

A

Sag T1W non-contrast

T1W added supplemental info in 2/8 dogs.

63
Q

Vernau et al: Intracranial intra-arachnoid diverticulum; if you see the diverticulum is T1 hyperintense to the CSF?

A

Hemorrhage. This can cause acute enlargement of the cyst causing late onset of clinical signs.

64
Q

Chun et al: Predictors of response to I131 therapy in hyerpthyroid cats, what was the relationship between the pre-treatment T4 levels and post-treatment levels? What was the relationship between the thyroid:salivary gland ratio and post-treatment T4 levels? And at what time points were these observed?

A

There was a significant relationship between both the pre-treatment T4 levels and the thyroid:salivary gland ratio, with the post treatment t4 levels AT ALL TIME POINTS from 1 day -1 year post treatment.

65
Q

Chun et al: Predictors of response to I131 therapy in hyerpthyroid cats, what was the relationship between different times of methimazole discontinuation (>5 days vs <5 days) in response to treatment?

A

None. They did not say if the post-treated hypothyroid cats were from the methimazole group and therefore cant confirm the rebound effect causing too much uptake of I131.

66
Q

Delay or irregular ossification of the medial condyle of the femur suggests what?

A

Epiphyseal dysplasia.

67
Q

Angulation of the femoral metaphysis is characteristic of what?

A

Epiphyseal dysplasia hemimelic

68
Q

What compartment is commonly affected in epiphyseal dysplasia hemimelica?

A

Medial

69
Q

Paloni et al: US findings of dogs with intestinal adenocarcinoma, what are the most common primary GI neoplasms in dogs?

A

Adenocarcinoma

Lymphoma.

70
Q

Paloni et al: US findings of dogs with intestinal adenocarcinoma, What was the only characteristic that influence survival time?

A

Gender…males lasted way longer

Only 5/21 were female dogs though

71
Q

Paloni et al: US findings of dogs with intestinal adenocarcinoma, Common ultrasound features associated with intestinal adenocarciinoma?

A

1. Complete loss of wall layering (all dogs)

  1. Thickening - transmural circumferential
  2. Luminal fluid proximal to the lesion
  3. Lymphadenopathy or mesenteric nodules (half)
  4. Hypoechoic lesion with irregular lumen.
72
Q

Paloni et al: US findings of dogs with intestinal adenocarcinoma, the majority of lesions were found where?

A

Small intestines.

73
Q

Paloni et al: US findings of dogs with intestinal adenocarcinoma, most common place to mets to for adenocarcinoma?

A

Lymph nodes

Mesentery

74
Q

Paloni et al: US findings of dogs with intestinal adenocarcinoma, is there a sex prediclect?

A

Yes.. males are more likely.

75
Q

Hannson et al: LA/Ao ratio using 2D and M-mode US in CKCS, no difference was found between M-mode and 2D measurements in what?

A

Normal dogs

76
Q

Hannson et al: LA/Ao ratio using 2D and M-mode US in CKCS, with all dogs (normal and with mitral regurg) what was the difference between 2D and m-mode ratios?

A

2-D was always bigger by around 11%

77
Q

Hannson et al: LA/Ao ratio using 2D and M-mode US in CKCS, what is more sensitive to LA enlargment?

A

2D ratio

78
Q

Hannson et al: LA/Ao ratio using 2D and M-mode US in CKCS, what are the normal published values for M-mode LA/Ao ratio?

A

1.0 - 1.6

79
Q

Hannson et al: LA/Ao ratio using 2D and M-mode US in CKCS, what measurement is independent of body weight thuse being a better predictor of atrial enlargement?

A

2-D

80
Q

Hannson et al: LA/Ao ratio using 2D and M-mode US in CKCS, at what LA/Ao ratio was there the most difference between the 2D and M-mode measurements?

A

2.0-2.5 (this is an abnormal dog ratio)

81
Q

Lamb et al: Accuracy of radiographs with IVD protrusion, What was the two most accurate signs of disc protrusion?

A

Narrowed disc space

Vaccum phenomenom

82
Q

Lamb et al: Accuracy of radiographs with IVD protrusion, in what size of dog does the spinal cord occupy most of the spinal canal?

A

little dogs

A lot more fat around a large dogs cord

83
Q

Lamb et al: Accuracy of radiographs with IVD protrusion, accuracy of radiographs in findings intervertebral disc protrusion?

A

51-61%

84
Q

Lamb et al: Accuracy of radiographs with IVD protrusion, what disc spaces are the smallest in beagles in the lumbar spine?

A

L4-L6

85
Q

Lamb et al: Accuracy of radiographs with IVD protrusion, was there a difference and if so what was it, of little or big dogs and the accuracy of radiographs and disc protrusions?

A

Nope.

86
Q

Lamb et al: Accuracy of radiographs with IVD protrusion, what regions are predisposed to Hansen type 2 protrusions?

A

Caudal cervical

LS

87
Q
A

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