VRU 2010 Flashcards
Jung et al: CT for PTE and HW, what arteries were most affected by a PTE in dogs with HW?
Right caudal arteries
Jung et al: CT for PTE and HW, what arteries were most affected causing dilation and tortuosity in dogs with HW?
Right caudal arteries.
Jung et al: CT for PTE and HW, what were some weird changes on CT after an experimental PTE was made?
Pneumothorax Cavity formation
Jung et al: CT for PTE and HW, Signs of a PTE on CT?
Dilated arteries
Filling defect
Triangular pulmonary infarcts
Straght and abrupt cut-off appearances to the artery.
Grifffin et al; Bone scans (99mTc HDP) following peroneal nerve blocks in horses, what percentage of the time did the focal nerve block cause focal MSK uptake?
50% of the time on day 1.
25% on day 3
Grifffin et al; Bone scans (99mTc HDP) following peroneal nerve blocks in horses, what percentage of the time did the focal nerve block cause focal MSK uptake that looked like a tibial lesion?
20% of the time on day 1 and 3
Grifffin et al; Bone scans (99mTc HDP) following peroneal nerve blocks in horses, What was the farthest time period postblock was there MSK uptake noted?
7 days in this study.
So ideally bone scan would be performed >7 days post blocking
Grifffin et al; Bone scans (99mTc HDP) following peroneal nerve blocks in horses, a higher dose of anesthetic meant what on the bone scan?
High uptake on the bone scan.
Lee et al: Iohexol effect on 99mTc 04 scns in normal cats, Did the iohexol administration (880mgI/kg) screw up the thyroid scan based on T:S ratio and %total uptake?
No… none of the parameters fell below normal limits and there for never affected the 99mTc study
Lee et al: Iohexol effect on 99mTc 04 scns in normal cats, what radiopharm for the thyroid is trapped, and what ones are trapped and organified?
99mTc04- is trapped only
I123 and I131 are trapped and organified.
Lee et al: Iohexol effect on 99mTc 04 scns in normal cats, What is the normal percent thyroid uptake values (%TU) in cats at 20min post injection?
0-1% corrected for ST depth, background noise and decay
0-2% when corrected for just background
Lee et al: Iohexol effect on 99mTc 04 scns in normal cats, Normal range for T:S ratio in cat is at 20min?
0.5-1.0
Dennison et al: CT techniques for Acute canine myelopathy; What are the three reasons to do a CT myelogram after having a negative CT (no extradural disc compression)?
Nonchrondrodystrophic dog
No lesion was identified
If there was an extradural compressive lesion but so much spinal cord swelling that you couldn’t tell.
Jung et al: CT for PTE and HW, how long does it take for the alveolar pattern created by a PTE on rads to go away?
4-7 days
Seiler et al: US findings of preclinical renal dysplasia: What were the common findings of preclinical renal dysplasia?
Poor corticomedullary definition
Multifocal hyperechoic speckles in the renal medulla
Hyperechoic medulla
Seiler et al: US findings of preclinical renal dysplasia: Severity of US findings related to severity of what?
Histopath findings.
Seiler et al: US findings of preclinical renal dysplasia: If only taking cortical biopsy samples then you must wait until what age and why?
You must wait til 6 months of age.
Because cortical samples only sample the glomeruli and dysplasia is characterized by persistant fetal glomeruli past 6 months of age.
Stahl et al: MRI features of Gastrocnemius musculotendinopathy in herding dogs: What were the imaging characteristics of gastrocnemius musculotendionpathy?
T2, T2* and STIR hyperintesity of the LATERAL head of the gastrocnemius muscle AROUND the sesamoid bone and tapering distally
T1 is iso-hyperintense
This is likely a musculotendinous strain.
Stahl et al: MRI features of Gastrocnemius musculotendinopathy in herding dogs: What breed was affiliated with this disease?
Border Collies
Stahl et al: MRI features of Gastrocnemius musculotendinopathy in herding dogs: What radiographic evidence of total or partial avulsion of the medial or lateral head of the gastroc is seen?
Distal displacement of the sesmoid bone.
Where does the gastrocenumius arise from and where does it insert?
Origin: Lateral and medial supracondylar tuberosity of the femur
Insertion: Tuber calcanei
Stahl et al: MRI features of Gastrocnemius musculotendinopathy in herding dogs: What was the common radiographic finding in this group of dogs?
Abnormalities in the lateral sesmoid bone with mineralization of the surrounding tissues.
Stahl et al: MRI features of Gastrocnemius musculotendinopathy in herding dogs: What characteristics of muscles cause them to be more susceptible to stains?
Extend past two joints
Long fusiform shape
Composition of type II fast contracting
Eccentric contracttion (fibers forced to lengthen during contraction)
Muscle: Gastroc, Hamstrings, biceps brachii
Penninick et al: US appearance of intestinal mucosal fibrosis cats; What is the appearance of mucosal fibrosis in cats?
Mucosal hyperechoic band paralleling the submucosa
Penninick et al: US appearance of intestinal mucosal fibrosis cats; What does the mucosal band indicate clinically?
Nothing/old enteropathy
If in presence of concurrent clinical signs further diagnostic tests is waranted.
Kuwabara et al: MRI hippocampus atrophy epileptic dogs: How was the hippocampal volume ratio calculated?
The difference in the volume of the two hippocampi/total volume of the largest
Kuwabara et al: MRI hippocampus atrophy epileptic dogs: What intensity characteristics does hippocampal sclerosis have?
T2 and T2 FLAIR hyperintensity.
T1 hypointensity
Kuwabara et al: MRI hippocampus atrophy epileptic dogs: What percentage of hippocampal atrophy is noted in canine epilepic patients?
48%
Therefore it can occur in canine epilepsy but does not have to.
What is P, F and the arrows?
Condylar process = P
Mandibular fossa = F
Arrows = Articular disc
Geyer et al: Pulmonary lymphoma: What was the most common radiographic finding in cats?
Pulmonary nodules/masses
Bronchial infiltrate
Geyer et al: Pulmonary lymphoma: What was the most common radiographic finding in dogs?
Unstructured interstitial infiltrate
Lower down = nodules/masses, alveolar, bronchial
Geyer et al: Pulmonary lymphoma: What other radiographic signs were present but in much small number than expected?
Thoracic lymphadenopathy (22%)
Pleural effusion (13%)
Mareschal et al: US long-term enterectomy sites in dogs: What percentage of dogs with previous enterotomy sites had US variations at that site?
80% no matter how far out the surgery (7 years was the longest)
Mareschal et al: US long-term enterectomy sites in dogs: What was the most common findings on US of previous enterectomy sites?
Thickening (90%)
Altered wall layer (90%)
Focal accumulation of intraluminal gas (80%)
Intraluminal hyperechoic foci (65%)
Focal deviation of the intestinal course (50%)
10% had loss of wall layering.
What are the types of acquired collateral circulation in the dog and cat?
Esophageal/Paraesophageal
Left gastric
Gastroesophageal/gastrophrenic
Gallbladder
Omental
Duodenal
Colic
Abdominal wall
COAL was EGGD
Bertonlini; Acquired collateral circulation; What collateral varices drain to the azyogus?
Esophageal secondary to a cranial VC obstruction…. they also can drain into the caudal vena and portal.
Bertonlini; Acquired collateral circulation; Where do the three regions of the esophagus drain?
Cranial (CERVICAL/cranial thoracic) - By the thyroid and bronchoesophageal v. or the azygus v into the cranial VC
Caudal thoracic (including abdominal) - Azygus v or the esophageal b. of the left gastric (portal system).
Lee et al: Effects of iohexol on feline thyroid scintigraphy; Does iohexol effect uptake of 99TcO4-?
Yes… there is a drop but it never drops below the normal limitis for both T:S and %TU.
What is this?
Grass awn in the urinary bladder.
Can shadow but doesn’t have to.
Bruggen et al: Scintigraphy for MCP in dogs: What radiopharm is used and how much? What is the conversion from Mbq to mCi?
99mTc - MDP
~20mCi
37MBq = 1 mCi
Bruggen et al: Scintigraphy for MCP in dogs; What is the premise of this study?
Scintigraphy is good 17/17 at detecting MCP disease in dogs… better than rads.
This is because it will detect osteoblastic activity that is the precursor to fragmentation. With sclerosis can come microfactures that cannot be seen on rads.
Morandi et al: Splenic scintigraphy for acquired shunts: What is the most common characteristic of acquired shunts?
Hepatofungal flow of the dose to the level of the caudal kidney
THIS WAS SEEN IN A SINGULAR SHUNT SO NOT totally specific.
Acquired shunts were not seen commonly.
Tursbery et al: Lion calvarial hyperostosis CT: What was the most common characteritics?
Narrowing of the foramen magnum
thickening of the os tentorium
Thickening of the arch of the atlas
VITAMIN A Deficiency.
Seiler et al: CT heartworm dogs: What lung lobe was affect the earliest?
Right caudal
Seiler et al: CT heartworm dogs: What were the characterisitcs associated with HW in dogs?
Enlarged pulmonary arteries - caudal
Arterial associated interstitial pattern
Filling defect
Patsikas et al: CT and rads indirect lymphogram mammary cats: What were the results and what does this mean?
Rads - accurate in demostrating the draining pathway in 5-30min post injection
CT- Better identified small lymphatic and exact sentinel lymph node in 1 min post injection.
CT is better for accuracy but both were easy.
Ballegeer et al: CT TB lymph nodes: What is the lymph node to thoracic body ratio and the absolute measurement suggested for abnormal enlargement?
12mm
1.05 - 100% NPV if under this
Gives around a 90% accuracy for metastatic disease.
Heterogenous or ring pattern is also related to metastatic disease
Ballegeer et al: CT TB lymph nodes: What is the suggested slice thickness to scan in for TB LN?
1-1.5mm
What is the most common pulmonary artery to be affect by HW?
Right caudal.
Travetti et al: Cholesteatoma CT dog: what is a cholesteatoma?
Epidermoid cyst of the middle ear.
Travetti et al: Cholesteatoma CT dog: What is the most common finding of this disease?
Expansion of the tympanic bulla
Travetti et al: Cholesteatoma CT dog: How do you differentiate this from otitis media and another internal/middle ear neoplasia?
Otitis media - thickening of the bulla - not expansile and rarely lytic
Other neoplasms: Usually permative lysis and NOT expansile. Usually complete contrast enhancing.
Cholesteatoma: Expansile, lytic, rim or non-contrast enhancing.
Haers et al: CEUS for renal lesions: All hemanigosarcoma mets had what type of enhancement pattern?
Non-enhancing nodules during all phases
Additional lesions were frequently detected.
Gaschen et al: CEUS of medial iliac LN in healthy dogs: What is the normal wash-in and time to peak intensity in the medial iliac lymph nodes?
- 3s for wash in
- 1 s for peak intensity.
Gaschen et al: CEUS of medial iliac LN in healthy dogs: The angioarchitecture was best seen in what modality; CEUS or doppler? What was the normal angioarchitecture?
Best seen on CEUS
Normal = Central artery with centrifugal uniform branching
Nakamura et al: CEUS on liver nodules: What is the main characteristic of a neoplastic liver nodule?
Hypoechoic compared to liver in the parenchymal phase.
Different echogenicity during the arterial phase as well.
NO FINDINGS in the portal phase.
Nakamura et al: CEUS on liver nodules: What is sonazid?
It is a CE agent that is phagocytized by the Kupffer cells thus giving you a parchenymal phase.
Crabtree et al: Diagnostic accuracy of US for detection of liver and spleen lymphoma in dogs: What was concluded from this study?
US of the spleen had a 100% NPV. Therefore if the spleen look normal it probably was normal. Therefore if the spleen looks normal you probably don’t need to poke it to make sure.
The liver on the other hand did not and so you should poke it if it is normal looking on US.
Liles et al: US of histopath normal parathyroid glands in normal dogs: What was the PPV of finding the histopathologically confirmed parathyroid gland? What were the false positives?
74%
False positives were Lobular thyroid tissue! So just be it known as a differential.
Choi et al: US features of pyonephrosis in dogs: what are the defining characteristics of pyonephrosis?
Peritonitis or retropertonitis
Hyperechoic debris in the renal pelvis.
Choi et al: US features of pyonephrosis in dogs: what is one way to treat pyonephrosis and what is a complication?
Treatment = pyelocentesis
Sepsis!
Stander et al: US of canine parvo: What are the common combination of characteristics?
Fluid filled intestines, stomach and colon
Generalized atony
duodenal and jejunal mucosal thickness REDUCED
Hyperechoic speckles
Luminal irregularity
Indistinct wall layering
Free fluid
NO LYMPHADENOPATHY.
Penninick et al: US assessment of GB volume: What is the mean and median gallbladder volume? What is the range in normal, fasted cats?
Mean and median - 2.41ml
Range - 0.8-4.5ml
This was using the ellipsoid formula (LxWxHx0.52)
What is a cool way to look confirm or not confirm a EHPSS on ultrasound by injecting something?
Splenic injection of agigtated saline. 5ml.
Look at the CVC or right atrium to see if there is microbubbles in it.
Campos et al: human recombenant TSH in cats; rhTSH is used in humans to increase uptake of I131 to reduce dose when treating hyperthyroidism, the affects in cats have not been studied. What does this study show are the effects of rhTSH in cats?
No effect on size, echogenicity or capsule deliniation
No adverse effects baby.
Bareret et al: US pre and post I131 thyroids in hyperthyroid cats; What percentage of cats have bilateral disease?
70%
Bareret et al: US pre and post I131 thyroids in hyperthyroid cats; What was seen post I131 treatment?
Reduction in size (75% reduction)
Reduced heterogenity
Less rounding
Less vascularity
Bareret et al: US pre and post I131 thyroids in hyperthyroid cats; What is commonly seen in a hyperthryoid cat as far as US changes pre-treatment?
Enlarged, heterogenous, rounded, highly vascular
Gross et al: MRI of canine brain development: What happens as a puppy ages and the pathophys behind it?
The white matter as a puppy is hyperintense due to the increase water and lack of myelination. Over time myelination happens and the white matter becomes less intense than the gray matter.
Cooper et al: MRI artifacts: What is the difference between ferromagnetic, paramagnetic and diamagnetic?
Ferro and para - strengthen the magnetic field
Diamagnetic - reduces it, or lets it die.
Cooper et al: MRI artifacts: What can be done to decrease it?
Smaller voxels
Increase bandwidth
Change frequency encoding direction
CSF flow artifact on MRI is commonly associated with physics wise and what might it tell you about pathology?
Increased flow (TOF)
Turbulance (Loss of cohesion of flow) - fast T2 relaxation - loss of signal on T2
Might mean - compressive neoplasia, intraventricular neoplasia, hydrocephalus
Also, can be seen during sytole.
Why does ghosting happen on MRI?
MACRO-scopic movement of blood vessels.
PHASE encoding direction.
Switch the directions.
Why does aliasing happening in MRI? How do you correct it?
Structure outside the FOV in the phase encoding direction
Use oversampling
Larger FOV
Saturation bands
What is bandwidth and how to use it?
Bandwidth is the number of frequencies the reciever is allowed to listen to from the signal.
See pic for use.
What can cause hyperintense CSF?
Pathology - Increased cellularity of the CSF (infection, hemorrhage)
Artifact - Propofol induction, lack of inversion pulse due to flow
Why does the trigeminal nerve contrast enhance in normal dogs?
Lack of complete blood brain barrier
Why does the choroid plexus enhance?
Has fenestrated endothelial cells to allow for the making of CSF
What is this anatomic structure and is it normal?
Petrous bone of the temporal bone
Normal fat in the bone.
Why is the pituitary gland T1 hyperintense and what part of the gland is responsible and what animal is this less apparent?
Vasopressin in the neurohypophysis
Cats don’t see this much.
Cehak et al: Effect of head and neck position on pharyngeal diameter in horses: As a general rule when did the pharyngeal diameter increase and decrease?
Decrease - Flexion of the head
Increase - Extension of the head
Biggest was midway head extended
Smallest was dorsal with head flexed (dressage)
Cehak et al: Effect of head and neck position on pharyngeal diameter in horses: When was the pharyneal diameter the smallest?
Dorsal flexed position.
Cehak et al: Effect of head and neck position on pharyngeal diameter in horses: Did sedation or breathing cycle affect the pharyngeal diameter?
NO
Cehak et al: Effect of head and neck position on pharyngeal diameter in horses: What significantly affected the pharyngeal diameter in this study?
Head and neck position (both)
Odd DDx for this finding?
RA aneurysm.
Need a CTA to confirm! NOT ECHO due to the lungs being over the top of the defect.
Why does the chemical shift artifact happen?
There is a different precessional frequency between water and fat. - This causes mismapping of the signal at the fat-water interface
In GRE images- pixels containing both fat and water are nulled (out of phase) - Chemical shift of the second kind or phase cancellation. (4.2ms at 1.5T)
FREQUENCY DIRECTION!
Dimock et al: Chemical shift when measuring compact bone thickness in horses: When was the differences in measurments seen the most?
Significant differences between measurements when in the frequency direction… and when in the out-of-phase direction.
What is this in a colt?
Tracheal cyst
Can be on the laryngeal, epiglottic, pharyngeal and nasal region.
Holowinski et al: Lesions on MRI associated with improved lameness in horses: Resolution of lesions on what sequence was associated with return to sound in horses?
STIR lesions
T1 lesions that persisted mean nothing.
SO look at your STIR for active lesions.
Davies et al: Quant Thyroid scan in horses;
What is the normal T/S and %dose uptake in horse with Na99mTc?
- 8-8.8 thyroid to parotid salivary gland
- 5-4% uptake.
No difference in young and old horses. No more nodules in old horse as there were in young horses.
Gonazales et al: MRI features of MCP and MTP lameness in horses: what are the top three injuries associated with the MCP/MTP joint seen on MRI?
Subchondral bone injury
Straight/Oblique distal seasmoidean desmitis
Articular cartilage injury/osteoarthritis
Suspensory branch desmitis.
OC fragment
MOSTLY SEEN WITH MULTIPLE ABNORMALITIES.
Schaefer et al: Direct MR arthrography of the canine shoulder; What is the most appropriate dultion of gad and what was the best sequence?
1:1200
Best sequences T1 and PD with PD providing more distinct tissues.
Barberet et al: Intra-interobserver variability of the US measurement of the adrenals: What had the lowest variability and the highest?
Lowest = caudal pole in longitudinal
Highest - length in longitudinal
What is diplomyelia?
Double spinal cord.
What are the average intestinal wall thickness of a horse?
- 3cm SI
- 4cm LI
What percentage of chondrosarcs mets and where?
~20% to the lungs.
Does anesthesia, feeding or fasting effect the proventriculus:Keel ratio?
NO
Max value: 0.48 for normals
What is the cutoff of the brainstem:cerebellar ratio in sagittal imaging that give you 100% senesitivity and 100% specificity?
89%
Dennison et al: CT vs CT myelogram in acute canine myelopathy: What is the most common lesion found in acute canine myelopathy?
Extradural lesions.
What is the most common site for intramural hematoma in the intestines?
Duodenum
Most common with trauma likely secondary to the fix position of the duodenum.
What is a retrocaval or circumcaval ureter, and what can it cause?
Ureter wraps around the caudal vena cava
CAN CAUSE hydronephrosis due to mechanical obstruction.
Schramme et al: Core lesions in the SDF on MRI: What was the MRI characteristics of surgically induced core lesions on MRI?
Hyperintense on all images.
Schramme et al: Core lesions in the SDF on MRI: what commonly happens to the intensity of core lesions with chronicity?
T2 hyperintensity deminishes - Lack of edema.
Persistent T1 hyperintensity
Schramme et al: Core lesions in the SDF on MRI: What sequences had significantly larger measurements for core lesions and which had significantly smaller when compared to US?
PD, T1 had larger
T2 had smaller.
Baron et al: US secretin-induced pancreatic duct dilation in healthy cats: Why is secretin used in human medicine?
It is used to evaluate the dilation of the pancreatic duct due to secretion of bicarbonate. This is to help diagnose pancreatitis if the pnacreatic duct fails to dilate due to fibrosis secondary to chronic panc.
Baron et al: US secretin-induced pancreatic duct dilation in healthy cats: Did secretin dilate the pancreatic duct of healthy cats and how much?
Yes.
60%-160% dilation was seen
From 0.77 before to 1.42mm after
Dyson et al: Anatomic variation of the carpus in horses with lamness and controls: How often is the 1st and 5th carpal bone present in the horse? Is there a separate center of ossicification in the carpus and is so where?
1st = 33%
5th - Occasionally
Yes - palmar to the distal row.
Dyson et al: Anatomic variation of the carpus in horses with lamness and controls: What carpal bone in the proximal row shows the most variantion? What view is it seen on?
Ulnar carpal … the palamaromedial aspect
DLPMO
DDX
RADIOLUCENCIES AND OSSEOUS opacities of the ulnar carpal bone have been reported as incidental findings or alvusion fracture of the lateral palmar intercarpal ligament.
Hammond et al: Rads for detection of bulla fluid in a rabbit: What projection was the best for looking for fluid in a bulla?
DV - most confidence and easiest to manipulate… same sensitivity as the weird views.
What does the extreme hypointensity on T2W mean?
Likely hemorrhage, mineralization or dense connective tissue.
This was a hemorrhagic meningoma. Weird but happens.
Stander et al: GI US of normal pediatric canine: What is the mean thickness of the jejunal lymph node in a pediatric canine?
7.1 +/- 2.2mm
What is a splenunculi? Where do they like to live?
Accessory spleen
Along the gastrosplenic ligament
Rossi et al: B-mode and contrast enhanced US accessary spleen in dogs: What is the contrast characteristics of an accessary spleen?
Similar to the regular spleen.
Goncalves et al: Canine meningioangiomatosis: Where is there a prediclect for meningioangiomatosis? What is it? What breed gets it?
Brainstem
Proliferation of the leptomeninges and the meningeal vessels
What does ceroid lipofuscinosis look like on MRI?
Diffuse brain atrophy
The picture is a atrophy with a subdural hematoma on top.
young border collies or aust. Shepherds
Wallack et al: T:B vs T:S when looking at cats that fail 5mCi dose of i131: What is the percentage of cats that fail treatment of 4mCi of I131?
3-5%
Wallack et al: T:B vs T:S when looking at cats that fail 5mCi dose of i131: What was the difference between T:B and T:S in this study?
There was a significant difference of the T:B (13.0 median) between cats that failed the 4mCi I131 dose and the cats that were treated and responsed (4.4 median)
T:S did not have a significant difference.
THEREFORE T:B might be used to find these cats
Kinda shitty study because so much over lap of values
What is the normal long axis ratio of normal superficial lymph nodes?
<0.5
What are your ddx for this horse that had acute lameness?
Suggests medullary necrosis… this etiology was an infarct but you don’t really know.
DDX in a horse bone?
Immature nfarct
This is the double line sign of an acute or immature infarct.
Mature infarcts are commonly T1 and T2 hypointense representing fibrosis and calcification.
What is the most commony radiographic finding for an intestinal diverticulum?
Obstructive pattern.
What is Meckel’s diverticulum?
Diverticulum in the terminal ileum
Commonly has ectopic tissue (gastric/pancreatic)
What scan can be used when looking for ectopic gastric mucosa in a meckel’s diverticulum?
99mTc-pertechnetate
Secondary secretatory organ is the gastric mucosa and choroid plexus
Magic angle is seen in the collateral ligments in the distal interphalangeal joint of a horse in what type of MRI?
High and low field
Vertical and horitzontal field
Short TE (T1, T2*, STIR, PD)
55º
Freezing limbs will reduce what on MRI?
SNR on T2 TSE
What was sensitivity and specificity for finding proximal suspensory desmopathy on US?
- 66-0.77 sensitivity
- 3 specificity.
