VRU 2009 Flashcards
Karnik et al: CT fungal rhinitis cats, What is the contrast enhancement of cats with fungal rhinitis?
Peripheral or heterogeneous
Karnik et al: CT fungal rhinitis cats, Maxillary bone lysis and bilateral lysis of the orbital lamina are highly correlated with what group of sinonasal diseases in cats on CT?
Neoplasia
Karnik et al: CT fungal rhinitis cats, Is there overlap between fungal rhinitis in cats and neoplasia on CT findings?
Yes including age, soft tissue mass and osteolysis
Karnik et al: CT fungal rhinitis cats, Is there overlap between fungal rhinitis in cats and non-fungal rhinitis on CT findings?
Yes, predominance of frontal bone lysis
Karnik et al: CT fungal rhinitis cats, what was the most common nasal fungal infection?
Aspergilosis in this population and not crypto.
Cannon et al: CT of bronchial lumen:pulmonary artery diameter in normal dogs, What is the cutoff point for normal B:A ratio in normal dogs?
>2.0 is considered abnormal*** know
Cannon et al: CT of bronchial lumen:pulmonary artery diameter in normal dogs, What was the average of B:A in normal dogs?
1.45 +/- 0.2 with a range of 0.8-2.0 in normals.
Cannon et al: CT of bronchial lumen:pulmonary artery diameter in normal dogs, where was the measurements taken for the cranial lungs vs the caudal lungs?
4th ribs for cranial 11th ribs for caudal
Cannon et al: CT of bronchial lumen:pulmonary artery diameter in normal dogs, how were the right middle and caudal left cranial lung lobes measured that differed from others?
They were measured in longitudinal rather than axial.
Cannon et al: CT of bronchial lumen:pulmonary artery diameter in normal dogs, what are other CT signs for bronchectasis in human med?
Identification of distinct airways within 1cm of the pleural surface
Bronchial wall thickening
Mucus plugging
Peripheral air trapping.
Holloway et al: MRI characteristics of paraspinal infections in cats and dogs, how many of these patients had a positive CSF culture?
None.
Dennison et al: prognostic accurracy of the proventriculus to keel ratio, what is the prognostic accuracy of the proventriculus to keel ratio?
Nothing
Dennison et al: prognostic accurracy of the proventriculus to keel ratio, what is the proventriculus to keel ratio that is associated with clinical proventriculus disease?
>0.52
Karnik et al: CT fungal rhinitis cats, Was it common to have LN enlargement with fungal disease?
Yes… so still doesn’t help you.
DDX.
Nasopharyngeal mass.
Polyp vs fungal vs less likely neoplastic.
This was crypto.
Newitt et al: Can you estimate the amount of pleural fluid in an abdomen on US?
Not exactly.
When is the optimal time to scan the splenic parenchyma after injecting Sonazoid contrast?
7-30min
Dress et al: CT imaging protocol cervical and lumbar spine: What type of slices, pitch and algorithm significantly improved visibility of the intervertebral disc and spinal cord?
Thin slices (1-2mm)
Low pitch (<2)
Medium frequency algorithm.
Dress et al: CT imaging protocol cervical and lumbar spine: What were the only factors that improved the visability of the intervertebral disc and spinal cord?
Slice thickness
Pitch
Algorithm
Dress et al: CT imaging protocol cervical and lumbar spine: What artifact did additional edge enhancement filter introduced in this study?
Double ring artifact.
This is like Uberschwinger but for CT.
Baines et al; radiographic definition of the anticlinal vertebra: What is the most common vertebrae that is the anitclincal vertebra?
T11
Baines et al; radiographic definition of the anticlinal vertebra: What is the difference between small dogs and big dogs when discussing the anticlinal vertebra?
Small dogs are more likely to have T10 as the anticlinal.
Large dogs it is T11.
Mai et al: Renal CE MRA: What are the parameters for looking at the kidneys?
Fast Spoiled GRE 3D sequece
Elliptical centric k-space
Both reduce time.
Gonzalez et al: Caudal foss in CKCS; What factors were associated with neurologic signs in dogs with chiari?
Syringohydromyelia (size of it)
Ratio of caudal fossa/tottal cranial cavity volume
Occipital hypoplasia
Explain the Macklin effect?
It is where an alveoli brusts and spills air into the interstium. This tracks along the vessels and bronchi into the mediastinum and subcutaneous emphysema.
INTERSTITAL EMPHYSEMA - secondary to disease or barotrauma
Kutasi et al: Pulmonary clearance in foals: At what time should the lungs of a foal be clear? What lung fields clear the fastest?
4-6h
Ventral lung fields due to greater flexibility of the thoracic wall.
What is a common disease that cause proventricular enlargement in psittaceans?
Borna virus causing neutrophilic inflammation
What is this?
Rathke’s cyst
Other differentials: Craniophaynioma, hypothalamic hamartoma, arachnoid cyst, pituitary adenoma.
Common clinical sequeala of a Rathke’s cyst?
Dwarfism (think GSD) from hypopituitarism
Hypothalamic regions can cause emotional changes (pressure from the cyst)
What is this?
Paraspinal infection from FB.
Holloway et al: MRI features of paraspinal infections: Why was there commoonly T1W hyperintensity in these infection when T1W hyperintensity is commonly associated with neurogentic atrophy?
T1W hyperintensity in this instance is likely from
Necrosis
hemorrhage
High protein fluid
Holloway et al: MRI features of paraspinal infections: What sequence was best for finding draining tracts?
T1
Fat Sat
Holloway et al: MRI features of paraspinal infections: Which muscle was most commonly affected?
iliopsoas (all were affected)
epaxial (19/23)
Joly et al: CT protocols for detection of pulmonary nodules: What characteristic/setting increase sensitivity and accuracy of CT finding pulmonary nodules?
Smaller slices
NOT Pitch or reconstruction type.
Is contrast enhancement of the trigeminal nerve normal?
YES… one study seen in 42/42 dogs.
What is the most common neurologic cause for dropped jaw in dogs?
Idiopathic trigeminal neuritis.
Need to have enlargement with CE.
Scrivani et al; CSF signal-void sign in dogs: What type of dog was it commonly seen in?
Small breed dogs
Commonly associated with ventricular enlargment and syringomyelia.
Scrivani et al; CSF signal-void sign in dogs: What does the CSF void sign mean physiologically wise?
Fast flow of the CSF.
Scrivani et al; CSF signal-void sign in dogs: CSF flow sign is commonly caused by what artifact? And what type of sequences are likely to produce this artifact?
Time of flight.
Small slices with long TE (more time and less distance to get the fuck out of the picture)
Tamura et al: Histiocytic sarcoma MRI; What diseases does it look like?
Meningioma with dural tails and all
Encephalitis.
ALL CONTRAST ENHANCED.
Bradbury et al: Protstatomealy, prostatic mineralization and cytologic diagnosis: What is the PPV, NPV, Sens, Spec of mineralization in a prostate of a neutered dog?
PPV: 100%!!
NPV: 50%
Sens: 22%
NPV: 96%
Bradbury et al: Protstatomealy, prostatic mineralization and cytologic diagnosis: What is the PPV, NPV, Sens, Spec of mineralization in a prostate of an intact dog?
PPV: 22%
NPV: 96%
Sens: 67%
Specificity: 77%
Bradbury et al: Protstatomealy, prostatic mineralization and cytologic diagnosis: In an intact dog what other conditions caused mineralization?
Paraprostatic cyst
BPH
Prostatitis
Rhabdomyolysis in dogs is normal caused by what?
It is usually sporatic and the cause is unknown.
Toxins (snake)/drug/injury(seizure, hyperthermic/trauma)/infection(neospora/toxo) is considered.
Gnudi et al: Gender determination in snake; what is the best way to predict sex in snakes?
US = 100% accurate
Contrast rads = 81%
Diana et al: US appearance of canine gastric polyps; Where were most found?
Plyoric atrum
Diana et al: US appearance of canine gastric polyps; Was there usually singular or multiple?
Singular.
Diana et al: US appearance of canine gastric polyps; What layer did they predominately arise from?
Mucosal layer. Though uncommonly disrupt the mucosal layer.
Diana et al: US appearance of canine gastric polyps; What other differentials could be considered for gastric polyps?
Chronic pyloric hypertrophic gastropathy
Granulomatous gastritis
Smooth muscle tumors
Swift: US features of intestinal entrapment; Entrapment is caused by?
Adhesions or rents in the mesentery. Likely secondary to surgery.
Swift: US features of intestinal entrapment; This is similar in appearance to what etiologies?
Intestinal perforation
Intestinal infarction.
Focal thickening and abdominal effusion with focal dilation and amotility.
Israel et al: CT vs myelogram identification of thoracolumbar disc herniations: Which modality was better in detecting disc herniations?
They both were pretty much the same ~82-84%
CT was better in big dogs with chronic disc
Myelogram was better in small dogs.
Gonzalez et al: AO overlapping in dogs: Is AO overlapping dynamic or static and how does this effect imaging?
It is dynamic and images in slightly extension should be taken.
Gonzalez et al: AO overlapping in dogs: What two disease etiologies cause syringomyelia and what one disease does not?
Chiari like and AO overlaping causes syringo
AA lux does not.
Gonzalez et al: AO overlapping in dogs: What imaging findings can you see with AO overlap?
Kinking of the medulla
Craniodorsal displacement of the atlas
Caudal ventral compression of the cerebellum and the cerebellomedullary cistern.
Syringo
a. dorsal arch of the atlas
b. body of the atlas
c. dens
d. supraoccipital bone
Schultz et al: CECT of adrenal masses dog: What is the sensitivity and specificity of CT for vascular invasion of Adrenal masses?
Sensitivity = 92%
Specificity = 100%
Most were pheochromocytoma
Schultz et al: CECT of adrenal masses dog: What way does the adrenal masses invade?
Luminal through the phrenicoabdominal vein.
Sharpley et al: CE MRA for aortic thrombosis: What are the three techniques for MRA?
TOF
CE MRA
Phase contrast MRA
Sharpley et al: CE MRA for aortic thrombosis: How does TOF MRA work?
Suppresses stationary tissues by using a short TR and rapid TE.
There for fast moving blood is in and outt of the image remains relaxed or unsaturated therefore appears bright! If no flow or a clot then it will be saturated and look dark.
Sharpley et al: CE MRA for aortic thrombosis: Compared to TOF MRA what is phase contrast MRA better at?
slow or small flowing vessels along with direction and velocity of flow.
- This takes a long time.
Sharpley et al: CE MRA for aortic thrombosis: What is the advantages of CE MRA? KNOW!
Shorter imaging time
Ability to image over larger fields of view
INDEPENDENT of direction of blood flow making it possible to image parallel to aortic flow!
Reduces artifacts
Helpful in depicting slower flowing blood to understand the exact borders of the clot.
What are the two types of TOF effects that account for most of the flow-related artifacts in CSF?
Flow-related enhancement (entry slice phenomenon) - increased signal of CSF
High-velocity signal loss
What are the two Motion-induced phase changes that can affect the CSF?
Reversible = Laminar flow where the central and peripheral CSF accumulate different amounts of phase. YOU CAN REGAIN SIGNAL BY ADDING ECHOS
Irreversible = DUE TO TURBULENCE
What can cause flow-related phenomena in a patient?
Cardiac cycle as flow is based off heart rate and systole.
Mass effect in the mesencephalic aqueduct
Obstruction of the foramen magnum
Mass or malformation increasing CSF profuction.
Scrivani et al: CSF signal-void sign: What is the overall message of this paper?
That CSF signal void could tell you that there is turbulance or increase velocity of the CSF thus meaning possible pathology such as stenosis from a tumor/herination or increase CSF production
Smith et al: Incomplete ossification of the atlas in dogs: What is the normal sutures of the atlas and what are the parts called?
Two neural arches
One Intercentrum
Three sutures.
1,2,3!
Smith et al: Incomplete ossification of the atlas in dogs: may be associated with what other defect?
Atlantoaxial subluxation.
These are an example of what?
Incomplete ossification of the atlas.
When should the normal atlas fuse?
115 days
Guillot et al; US findings predict liver aspirate results?; What were the three things that were most predictive of liver neoplasia on cytology?
- Liver mass >3cm
- Ascites
- Abnormal hepatic LN
- Abnormal spleen
Guillot et al; US findings predict liver aspirate results?; What was the one thing that were most predictive of a vacuolar hepatopathy on cytology?
Liver nodules <3cm
Lappalainen et al: Radiographic and CT findings in mild elbow dysplasia; What were the two most sensitive and specfic signs on radiographs?
Blurring of the medial coronoid
SUBtrochlear sclerosis.
The white arrow head is not osteophytes and is seen in normal dogs. Not sensitive or specific for elbow dysplasia.
Webster et al: The effect of lung inflation vs spontaenous inspiration on the perseved size of the heart on rads: What was the conclusion for this paper?
Force lung inflation cause subjective AND objective (VHS) differences in the size of the heart on rads (decrease in heart size)
So realize that when looking at hearts that are under sedation.
Agthe et al: US appearance of jejunal lymph nodes in dogs without GI signs: What is the normal range of thickness in dogs with jejunal lymph nodes?
1.6-8.2mm
Agthe et al: US appearance of jejunal lymph nodes in dogs without GI signs:What was the normal echopattern for the jejunal lymph nodes?
<6years old = heterogenous
>6years old = homogeneous
Agthe et al: US appearance of jejunal lymph nodes in dogs without GI signs: LN size and what were significantly correlated?
Age
Body weight.
Freer et al: CSF fluid signal void with cardiopulmonary variables; Was there a significant difference in the dogs with different cardiopulmonary variables (heart rate, blood pressure and end tidal CO2)?
NONE.. no significant difference and therefore this cannot predict having certain cardiopulmonary varibles.
Fluid signal void is commonly seen in T2.. extra knowledge for you.
Griffin et al: Chronic distemper meningoencephaltis: What are the imaging characteristics of chronic and how does that change when looking at acute cases?
Chronic: White matter distribution, Diffuse and symmetrical
Loss of gray/white matter demarcation.
Acute: Grey matter, multifocal
Terzo et al: Echo of mitral valve prolapse: What leaflet of the mitral valve commonly prolapses with MMVD?
Anterior leaflet ~50%
Posterior ~8%
Bileaflet = 45%
Terzo et al: Echo of mitral valve prolapse: There was a significant correlation between the severity of mitral valve prolapse and what?
Severeity of mitral regurgitation
What are these two arrows pointing to?
Puppy line - small arrow
Fat line - metaphyseal sclerosis.
Risler et al: Early detection of canine hip dysplasia: Any sclerotic line or ill-defined sclerosis below what age is considered non-predictive of later onset DJD?
16 wk
Risler et al: Early detection of canine hip dysplasia: What radiographic sign was predictive of DJD after 24 wks (6mo) of age?
Morgan’s line
Combinied with a femoral head osteophyte was certain of DJD.
What projection can be used to pick of the TMJ in a horse?
R45ºV30ºL-CdDO
Rostral - 45 degree ventral - 30 degree Lateral - caudodorsal oblique
Schramme et al: MRI Navicular bon fibrocartilage: What was done to better identify the fibrocartilage of the navicular bone on MRI?
Injected 6-10ml of saline into the navicular bursa.
Schramme et al: MRI Navicular bone fibrocartilage: What was the difference before and after saline injecion of the presence of fibrocartilage lesions?
100% sensitivity and 6% specificity before
100% sens and 100% spec after injection.
What canine breed has low normal thyroid hormone?
Greyhounds
Pinilla et al: Thyroid scintigraphy in greyhounds suspected with primary hypothyroidism: What was the mean % thyroid up take in the group of greyhounds suspected to be primary hypothyroid?
0.76% which is within normal limits for canine (0.4%-1.9%)
This study wanted to prove that even though a lot of greyhounds have low TT4 that they are not hypothyroid based on their percent uptake.
Hypothyroidism in greyhounds can cause poor performance of derm issues called “Bald thigh syndrome”
Dogs use the parotid salivary gland!
The time difference between CE-MRA and TOF-MRA?
CE-MRA = <10min
TOF = 40-60 min
What is the recommended dose of gadolinium for portal CE-MRA?
0.3mmol/kg unlike the normal 0.1mmo/kg
Due to the dilution that is undergone before it reaches the portal vein.
Why is CE-MRA the shit for looking at vessels?
Short time
sensitive to slow flow
Can do it in 3D imaging and therefore the vessels are much easier to find.
Caine et al: US of the canine tarsus; What are the approaches? And what is seen on those sides?
- Cranial
- Cranial tibial (supinates the digits and flexes the tarsus)
- Long digital extensor
- Extensor digitum brevis (three heads originating at distal tarsal bones and extends 2,3,4 digits.
- Caudal
- Calcaneal tendon
- DDF
- Plantar ligaments
- Lateral
- Lateral digital extensor
- Peroneus longus
- Medial
- DDF
- Medial collateral
Samii et al: CT arthrography in detection of cranial and caudal cruciate lig in dog: What is Ct arthrography good at identifying in the stifle?
Good at identifying pathology of the cruciates but not the menisci.
Digital images taken with a grid and undergo processing are better or worse than digital processed images made without a grid.
Significantly yes… better with a grid but was it clinically significant they don’t know.
Kanemoto et al: Canine focal liver lesions with CE US using sonazoid: What is different about sonazoid?
It has a LIVER specific kupffer phase. The kupffer cell eat them.
Kanemoto et al: Canine focal liver lesions with CE US using sonazoid: What was common in all neoplastic liver lesions using sonazoid?
In the kupffer phase (parenchymal phase) the lesions had FILLING Defects likely due to the lack of kupffer cells
PPV: 94.1% (1 benign lesion had a filling defect)
NPV: 100%
3D TOF MRA is good at imaging what?
Intracranial shit.
3D TOF MRA in a 3T magnetic is better or worse at finding small vessels than a 1.5T?
Better
Schneider et al: Intrahepatic collaterals in intrahepatic shunts: What was the main reason for failure of embolization of the intrahepatic shunts?
Intrahepatic collateral formed or were present in the beginning.
MOST COMMON IN LEFT DIVISIONAL
What are the arrows pointing to in all pictures?
A) Hypoglossal
B) 1. Hypoglossal
- Tympano-occipital fissure
C) Internal acoustic meatus
D) Facial canal
E) Oval foramen
F) Round foramen
Chalmer et al: Dorsal displacement of the soft palate: What is associated with dorsal displacement of the soft palate in the horse on US of the pharynx?
More ventrally located basihyoid bone
Kirberger et al: Positioning of radiographics for caudodorsal mediastinal mass: What views are recommended?
DV and RLR
Not LLR do to the fact that you can miss interrupt this as a mass.
This paper is for spircocerosis. Says that DV and VD are better at detecting caudal mediastinal masses than laterals.
Hilton et al: Appearance of THO in horses: What are the characteristics of THO in horses on CT?
Thickening of the stylohyoid bone and temporohyoid articulation was a consistent feature
Thickening of the certohyoid bone and proliferation of its articulation with the stylohypoid was frequently see and may have surgical implication.
Carstens et al: Radiographic tracheal height in horses: Where should the trachea be measured?
C5 due to low standard deviation.
What is the promient regeneration with avascular necrosis of the femoral head?
Trabecular regeneration is more promient than layering
Layering was considered to be most promient before.
