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VRU 2000 Flashcards

1
Q

What does a curved table help with on a x-ray image?

A

A curved table allows the x-ray beam to strike the patient perpendicularly which allows for less distortion.

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2
Q

What is the lowest quantitative measurement of abdominal organs in cats on MRI in both T1 and T2W sequences?

A

The epaxial muscles

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3
Q

What is the lowest to highest T1 values of the organs of the abdomen in a cat on MRI?

A

Epaxial — renal meduallary — Spleen —- renal cortex —- pancreas —liver—- fat

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4
Q

What is the lowest to highest T2 values of the organs of the abdomen in a cat on MRI?

A

Epaxial — liver — spleen — fat — gall blader

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5
Q

What causes the T1 hyperintensity in normal pituitary glands?

A

Vasopressin granules from the pars distalis in the adenohypophysis. Located in the caudodorsal aspect of the gland

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6
Q

Hathcock: Characteristic of Multilobular tumor of bone?

A

Fine granular “popcorn” like appearance.
Common in the occipital region and zygomatic arch
Common invasion of the cranial vault.

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7
Q

How to calculate a skull index in dogs?

A

Skull width x 100/skull length

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8
Q

On either side of the cribriform plate is what areas?

A

Cranial - nasal cavity

Caudal - Ethmoid fossa

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9
Q

The shape of the cribriform plate changes on radiographs depending on the shape (doli vs brachy) of the skull… how so?

A 
Brachycephalic breeds (skull index 55-75) - rounded on VD projection
Dolicephalic breeds (skull index 50-54) - Triangle on VD projection
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10
Q

At what VD angle do you lose the visualization of the cribriform plate on radiographs?

A

40 degrees.

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11
Q

What portion of the ear canal is usually wider, then proximal or distal?

A

Distal - usually over 4mm

Proximal - usually under 4mm

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12
Q

Stenosis of the ear canal can be determined by the ratio between the proximal and distal portions.. what is the ratio that is considered stenotic?

A

0.65 or less

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13
Q

Weichselbaum et al: Does the shape, surface or internal architecture a cystic calculi help determine the make up?

A

No.

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14
Q

Besso et al: What size of dog were over represented for a gall bladder mucocele?

A

Small

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15
Q

Besso et al: What breed of dog were over represented for a gall bladder mucocele?

A

Cocker spaniel

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16
Q

Besso et al: How many dogs were diagnosed with a positive aerobic bacterial culture in gallbladder mucoceles?

A

6/9… this means that some did not and therefore chocystitis does not have to be present to have a mucocele.

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17
Q

What portions of the GI are most commonly affected by canine pythiosis?

A

Stomach/duoenum or descending colon

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18
Q

Canine pythiosis is commonly seen in what age and what size of dog?

A

Young, medium to large breed dogs

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19
Q

What is a sinogram?

A

Fistulogram

20
Q

What is the most common procedure where a sponge is left in the abdomen?

A

Ovariohysterectomy

21
Q

What is the median elapsed time between surgery and diagnosis of a retained surgical sponge?

A

9.5 mo

22
Q

What is the most common radiographic appearance of gossypiboma or retained surgical sponge?

A

A localized gas opacity that is speckled or WHIRL-LIKE

23
Q

Ferreti et al: When is the uterus of a post partum cat considered completely involuted on US?

A

28 days - at 14 days loss of distinct layers is noted

24
Q

Ferreti et al: When is the uterus of a post partum cat cannot be visualized on rads without aid of compression views?

A

6 days

25
Q

Hyperadrenocorticism in Ferrets commonly produce excess of what hormone? Benign or malignant etiologies

A

adrogens - Causes promient prostate, uterus

26
Q

A focal absence of periglandular fat between the adrenal gland and the large vessels or liver, deviation or compression of the large vessels by the adrenal lesion may indicate what on US in ferrets?

A

Malignancy.

27
Q

Most common adrenal masses in ferrets?

A

Adenocarcinoma

Adenoma

28
Q

99mTc-HMPAO is used for what in horses?

A

Infection

29
Q

What are the most common signs of disc degeneration in MRI?

A
  1. Nuclear clefts
  2. Decreased signal intensity of Nucleus pulposus
  3. Tears of the annulus fibrosus
  4. Disc herniation
30
Q

How well does signs of disc degeneration line up with histopath results?

A

Very well.
100% sensitive
80% specific

31
Q

What is considered the onset of swallowing for swallow studies?

A

Closure of the epiglottis

32
Q

Delay of what step of swallowing is noted in dogs with cricopharygneal achalasia?

A

cranial esophageal sphincter opening and closing

33
Q

Surgical treatment for cricopharyngeal achalasia?

A

Transection of the cricopharyngeous muscle

34
Q

What cranial nerves control swallowing?

A 
trigeminal
facial 
glossopharyngeal
Vagus
hypoglossal
35
Q

What is the normal time for UES opening and closure?

A
  1. 1s to opening after beginning swallow

0. 2-0.3s to closure after the beginning of swallow

36
Q

What type of planes are recommended for imaging the middle ear in cats on MRI?

A

T1 and T2 dorsal and transverse… helps compare two sides

37
Q

T2 hyperintensity in the bullae of a cat represents what?

A

fluid, mass or soft tissue swelling/hyperplasia

38
Q

What is the bony lamella?

A

The separation between the two compartments of the tympanic bullae.

39
Q

Aural abscesses in box turtles are commonly seen as a sequeale to what disease?

A

Hypovitaminosis A - causes squamous metaplasia

Hypovitaminosis A is likely due to environmental contamination with organochlorine compounds like the preservatives found in wood chips.

40
Q

Bronchocutaneous fistula in dogs…is it a thing?

A

Yes,

41
Q

What is the recommended times for scanning a head with CT after surgery to remove a meningoma?

A

Immediate for base line then multiple times after that.

42
Q

What is the mean thickeness of the cartilage found on US over the lateral and medial trochlear ridges of the talus and the intermediate ridge of the tibia of a normal horse?

A
  1. 57mm - lateral trochlear
  2. 58mm - medial trochlear
  3. 7mm - intermediate ridge
43
Q

Is double-phase parathyroid scintigraphy in doggs using 99mTc Sestamibi a good imaging modality?

A

Nope.. poor sensitivity (11%) and poor specificity (50%)

44
Q

CT characteristics of a pheochromocytoma in a dog?

A

Large, irregularly shaped mass with multiple foci of low attenuation dispered in hyerdense highly vascular tissue

45
Q

What is the enhancement pattern of the pituitary gland on CT in a dog?

A

Quick intense enhancement and then a peropheral enhancement.

46
Q

What can you do to the technique to maximize the contrast between the heart and surrounding fat in order to get a better assessment of the percardial fat stripe or to see the heart in fat dogs?

A

Decrease kVp to around 55.

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