VRU 2003 Flashcards
What is the most common feature on CT associated with equine caries?
Hypoattenuation of the cementum
Destruction of the enamel
Filling of the infundibulum with gas
What are the most important signs for dental decay on CT in the equine patient
Gas bubbles in the bulging root area
Fragmentation of the root
Swelling of the sinus lining.
Most common teeth affected in the horse by dental disease?
109 and 209
What bone and what part of the bone was nearly always involved when discussing sinusitis from dental disease in a horse on CT?
The maxillary bone - facial crest
Are CT images more sensitive when looking at presence of abnormalites in the nasal cavity of cats?
No—-but better at saying where it is.
What percentage of nasal sinonasal disease in cats were neoplasia?
55% - Lymphoma and Carcinoma (SCC and undifferentiated and adeno) being most common
What percentage of nasal sinonasal disease in cats were inflammatory/infectious?
45% - with inflammatory being most prevalent
On average the mean age of neoplasia sinonasal diseases in cats was what compared to rhinitis?
Older
Unilateral sinonasal disease is more common in neoplasia or rhinitis in cats on CT?
Neoplasia
Cribriform involvement (lysis)was more common in neoplasia or rhinitis in cats on CT?
Neoplasia.
Paranasal bone pathology was more common in neoplasia or rhinitis in cats on CT?
Neoplasia
Orbit or facial soft tissue extension was more common in neoplasia or rhinitis in cats on CT?
Neoplasia
Diaz et al: MRI of normal adrenal glands, what are the two signal intense patterns that were noted in this study?
- Homogeneously hypointense
- Hyperintense center with hypointense rim.
Douglass et al: Radiographic features of aortic bulb mineralization in dogs, what is this mineralization of?
Aortic bulb/root
Douglass et al: Radiographic features of aortic bulb mineralization in dogs, what lateral is aortic bulb mineralization more apparent on?
Right
Douglass et al: Radiographic features of aortic bulb mineralization in dogs, what radiographic view of the chest was the least helpful?
VD, only one dog.
Douglass et al: Radiographic features of aortic bulb mineralization in dogs, what intercostal space was the mineralization commonly located in?
4th intercostal space
Douglass et al: Radiographic features of aortic bulb mineralization in dogs, what were the two types of mineralization patterns?
- Curvillnear single strand
- Multiple mineralizations (pictured)
Douglass et al: Radiographic features of aortic bulb mineralization in dogs, what was the clinical importance of this mineralization?
None.
Douglass et al: Radiographic features of aortic bulb mineralization in dogs, what structure was specifically mineralized?
Aortic annulus
Douglass et al: Radiographic features of aortic bulb mineralization in dogs, what did they compare otoliths to?
Chondroids in a horses guttural pouch.
Douglass et al: Radiographic features of aortic bulb mineralization in dogs, otoliths can be a sign of what?
Chronic otitis media though may be incidental.
What is the most common reason for portal hypertension?
hepatic causes.
Three intrahepatic reasons for portal hypertension?
Microvascular dysplasia
Noncirrotic portal hypertension
Portal venous hypoplasia
Vink et al: Upper GI study in amazon parrots, what is the average ventriculus contraction/min?
3.7 contractions/min
Vink et al: Upper GI study in amazon parrots, how much barium was given and where?
20ml/kg in the crop
Picture is for anatomical understanding
Vink et al: Upper GI study in amazon parrots, when did the contrast (barium) fill the ventriculus, when did it fill the SI and when did it fill the colon?
Ventriculus: 30 mins
SI: 60 mins
Colon: 120-300 mins
Vink et al: Upper GI study in amazon parrots, how often were contraction noted in the proventriculus?
Rarely
Vink et al: Upper GI study in amazon parrots, what type of contracts were noted in the SI? Colon?
SI: Antegrade, retrograde and segmental
Colon: Segmental only.
Zekas et al: Effect of nerve blocks on US of equine palmar metacarpal, when could gas induced by the nerve block interfer with US of structures in the proximal palmar region of the the metacarpus? What structures were affected?
1 hr they found some trouble but at 24 hours there was no detectable gas
Structures were the origin of the suspensory and the prox portion of the accessory ligament of the DDF.
Zekas et al: Effect of nerve blocks on US of equine palmar metacarpal, besides gas what subjective effects did nerve blocks (high and low palmar) have on the structures in the metacarpal region?
Just minor hypoechoic swelling by the injection site
NO change in cross sectional area or mean pixel value at anytime or level.
Jaeger et al: US and CECT to evaluate acute necrotizing panc in dogs, what was the common finding in the pancreas of the dogs?
Hypoechoic enlarged pancreas
Multiple anechoic foci
Lack of doppler flow
Jaeger et al: US and CECT to evaluate acute necrotizing panc in dogs, what is an important comorbidity that you need to look for with dogs and cats with panc?
Thrombi – Splenic and portal.
Jaeger et al: US and CECT to evaluate acute necrotizing panc in dogs, what did they do to the stomach to add in the imaging of the pancreas and define its borders on CT?
This study added air for negative contrast.. this can be done with esophagus too.
In humans they add barium.
Jaeger et al: US and CECT to evaluate acute necrotizing panc in dogs, HU of necrotic areas of the pancreas were what compared to normal areas?
Significantly lower.
Wallack et al: US of SI infarction Cat, what were the clinical signs?
Cat not doing well - not eating and vomiting
Then normal bowel to severely thickened bowel with lack of wall layer in 48hr.
Drost et al: Bone sctigraphy for hepatozoon in dogs, what type of radiopharm was used and when was the earliest uptake seen? What type of uptake was it?
99mTc - MDP
35 days post infection
High intensity.
Drost et al: Bone sctigraphy for hepatozoon in dogs, the earliest bone lesions occured where?
Prox to the carpus/tarsus on the axial skeleton
Drost et al: Bone sctigraphy for hepatozoon in dogs, described the uptake?
Diffuse, bilaterally symmetric, homogenous and high intensity.
What are the three distict structures of the middle ear?
Hypotympanicum
Mesotympanicum
Epitympanic recess
What region of the middle ear contain the three auditory ossicles?
Mesotympanicum
What are the three bones of the ear and the two muscles?
Malleus, incus and stapes
Musculus tensor tympani
Musculus staedius.
What is different between a cats middle ear cavity vs dog?
Cats is divided into two compartments by a thin bony septum (gives it a double walled appearance)
What is the most common cause for otitis interna?
Extension of the neoplastic or infection of the middle ear
What are the “classic” radiographic projections for imaging the ear?
Dorsoventral
Lateral
Latero 20º ventral-laterodorsal
Rostro 30º ventral-caudodorsal open mouth (espically in cats to see the bone separating the two compartments)
What is a positive contrast canalography and what is it used?
Putting contrast in the ear… to assess the integrity of the tympanic membrane (more accurate than otoscopy)… also used to meausre the diameter of the horizontal eaer canal.
Ear canal neoplasia… 5?
Ceruminous gland adneoma/adenocarcinoma
Papillomas
Basalcell carcinomas
SCC
Sebaceous adenocarcinomas
Rozear et al: Ureterovesicular junction CT in healthy dogs, there was a significant relationship between bladder volume and what?
Interureterovesicular junction distance - between the two IVJs
Rozear et al: Ureterovesicular junction CT in healthy dogs, what bony structure was used to identify the internal urethral orifice?
None could be found.
Rozear et al: Ureterovesicular junction CT in healthy dogs, the entrance of the ureter into the bladder was characterized by a what?
The apex of the hook made by the ureter as it turned dorsomedially… seen on all ureters.
It turns from a ventrolateral to dorsomedial.
Rozear et al: Ureterovesicular junction CT in healthy dogs, why was the ureteral diameter larger post contrast?
Osmotic diuresis from ionic pull
Rozear et al: Ureterovesicular junction CT in healthy dogs, all ureterovesicular junctions were cranial to what?
Urethral orifice. This was not influenced by bladder distention.
Schwarz et al: Normal upper GI exam in Ferret, what is the normal dosage of 30% liquid barium?
8-13mL/kg
Schwarz et al: Normal upper GI exam in Ferret, does sedation with ketamine and diazepam cause significant effects on an upper GI series in Ferrets?
No.. not significantly
Schwarz et al: Normal upper GI exam in Ferret, what is the SI transit time for ferrets? and what is the best time to visualize the SI in ferrets?
Transit time is 2 hours
Best time to see SI is 20-40 min
Schwarz et al: Normal upper GI exam in Ferret, normal width of the SI?
5-7mm
Schwarz et al: Normal upper GI exam in Ferret, what aided in the distinction between the SI and colon in this study?
Longitudinal colonic mucosal folds. (white arrow)
Schwarz et al: Normal upper GI exam in Ferret, what was this finding and was it normal?
Flocculation (clumping) and adherence of barium to stomach mucosa… normal!
Seiler et al: Staging of lumbar IVDD using MRI, what were the most common signs of disc degeneration in MRI?
Nuclear clefts
Decreased signal intensity of the nucleus puposis
Tears of the annulu fibrosis (pictured)
Disc herniations.
Seiler et al: Staging of lumbar IVDD using MRI, what was the sensitivity and specificity for finding IVDD in this study?
Sensitivity = 100%
Specificity = 79%