VRU 2006 Flashcards
Average arterial time for pancreas?
5-6s
What phase provided the best delination of the pancreas from the liver?
Delayed.
The CBD is located where compared to the portal vein on CT?
Ventral and to the right
Kinns et al: Rad sensitivity and NPV for acute spinal trauma, what is the NPV for radiographs when looking for spinal canal narrowing and fracture fragments in the spinal canal with spinal trauma in dogs?
Spinal canal narrowing - 58%
Fracture fragments within the vertebral canal - 51%
Kinns et al: Rad sensitivity and NPV for acute spinal trauma, What is the sensitivity of rads for spinal fractures and subluxations?
Fractures: 72%
Subluxations: 77.5%
Kinns et al: Rad sensitivity and NPV for acute spinal trauma, of the three compartment system what compartment had a greater sensitivity on rads?
Ventral compartment.
Heng et al: Smooth muscle bladder neoplasia dogs: What are the US characteristics of urinary bladder smooth muscle neoplasia?
Single
Smoothly marginated
Round
Hypo to mixed echoic
Intraluminal
Heng et al: Smooth muscle bladder neoplasia dogs: Smooth muslce neoplasias account for what percentage of bladder neoplasms?
0.5-5%
Petite et al: Rads and US findings of emphysematous cystitis in nondiabetic female dogs: Which modality underestimates the emphysematous changes?
Rads
Petite et al: Rads and US findings of emphysematous cystitis in nondiabetic female dogs: What was the only bacteria cultured from these non-diabetic dogs?
Proteus mirabilis
Murray et al: MRI characteristics of the foot of horse with foot pain: What were the most common structures involved?
DDFT
Distal sesamoidean impar ligament
Navicular bone
Collateral sesamoidean ligament
navicular bursa.
DIP joint and collateral ligs.
Murray et al: MRI characteristics of the foot of horse with foot pain: What type of DDFT lesion was over represented in the horses with foot pain?
Dorsal abrasions
65% of normal horses had small focal (<1mm) core lesions in the DDFT
Murray et al: MRI characteristics of the foot of horse with foot pain: Most DDFT lesions were found where?
At the level of the navicular bone.
Murray et al: MRI characteristics of the foot of horse with foot pain: Increased joint effusion and cartilage erosions were common in lame horses at the DIP joint. T/F
T
Murray et al: MRI and histopath: what had poor agreement between histopath and MRI findings?
Dorsal and Prox aspects of the navicular bone.
Djuric et al: LUMBOSACRAL TRANSITIONAL VERTEBRAE IN DOGS; What breed has a higher prevalence?
GSD
Greater Swiss mountain dogs
Djuric et al: LUMBOSACRAL TRANSITIONAL VERTEBRAE IN DOGS; what is the overall prevalance?
3.5%
Djuric et al: LUMBOSACRAL TRANSITIONAL VERTEBRAE IN DOGS; What was the frequency of the symmetric and asymmetric types of Lumbosacral transitional vert?
The same frequency.
Rohleder et al: CT vs Rads Middle ear disease; What is the diffference in CT vs Rads in this study?
CT is more sensitive especially when middle ear disease is moderate to severe.
Both modalities correlate with surgical findings and not histo findings
Specificity was around the same between modalities.
Kirberger et al: Effects of positioning on the appearance of thorax rads; What views were the craniodorsal mediastinum better delineated? What view was it the widest?
DV better delineated
VD wider
Kirberger et al: Effects of positioning on the appearance of thorax rads; Crainodorsal mediastinum width: width of T2 was averaging what on the VD rads? What was it significantly influenced by?
2.41 - influenced by fat.
Kirberger et al: Effects of positioning on the appearance of thorax rads; The cranioventral mediastinum and sternal lymph nodes were best see on what view in what type of dog? How big were the average sternal LN?
Right lateral in a big dog.
3.0 cm in length
Kirberger et al: Effects of positioning on the appearance of thorax rads; The pulmonary cupula (cranial portion of the lungs) extends more crnially (past the 1st rib) in what view?
VD
Noller et al: Nasolacrimal CT anatomy cat: Why is the lacrimal sac a predilection site for infiltration of patholgic processes from the nasal cavity?
There is no bone protection on the distal part of the lacrimal sac. 4a in the picture.
Noller et al: Nasolacrimal CT anatomy cat: where does the nasolacrimal duct begin and what tooth root is situated very close to the duct?
Begins at the level of the max. third premolar
Apex of the canine tooth is very close to the duct.
Noller et al: Nasolacrimal CT anatomy cat: The nasolacrimal drainage of a cat has a descending and horizontal part that form what type of angle?
90 degrees
Noller et al: Nasolacrimal CT anatomy cat: what two bones contain the lacrimal system?
The lacrimal bone
Maxillary bone - Duct (osseous canal)
Ventral nasla concha (basal lamina) also makes up the ventral portion of the nasolacrimal duct.
Dacryocystorhinography means what?
Iodine in the nasolacrimal duct.
McConnell et al: Calvarial hyperostosis of bullmastiffs: What other bone was affected in this study?
Femur - large, smooth periosteal response.
It seemed to be antibiotic responsive.
McConnell et al: Calvarial hyperostosis of bullmastiffs: why is there enhancement of the surrounding soft tissue?
Inflammatory response.
Peter et al: Accuracy of subcutaneous 99mTcO4 in hyperthyroid cats: What is the sensitivity of subcutaneous injection using the 2.0 cut off of T:S vs subjective visual inspection?
94% sensitive in the T:S >2.0 - 100% specific
100% sensitive in visual inspection. - 80% specific
Peter et al: Accuracy of subcutaneous 99mTcO4 in hyperthyroid cats: How much 99mTcO4 was injected?
111MBq (3mCi)
Static acquistion at 20min delay
NO SIDE EFFECTS
Mattern et al: patellar thickening post TPLO: Which portion of the patella was thickened postoperatively?
Distal - out to 6 months on radiographs
Mattern et al: patellar thickening post TPLO: What things had significant influence on 1-month postoperative area?
Body weight
TPLO angle
Mattern et al: patellar thickening post TPLO: What was the ratio of dogs with postoperative distal desmitis and dogs that did not have it?
16/31 had post-operative distal desmities.. common.
Clinical significane was not evluated in the study.
Tromblee et al: CT characteristics of feline sinonasal disease; What are characteristics of nasosnal neoplasia in cats?
Unilateral ocular discharge
Mass on endoscopic
Unilateral lysis of the: ethmoturbinates, dorsal and lateral maxilla, vomer, ventral maxilla and bilateral lysis of orbital lamina
Unilateral soft tissue fluid within: Sphenoid sinus, frontal sinus and retrobulbar space
Tromblee et al: CT characteristics of feline sinonasal disease; What are NOT characteristics associated with nasosnal neoplasia in cats?
Lysis of the maxillary turbinates, nasal septum, nasal bone, palatine bone, cribriform
Sage et al: Conventional spin-echo vs fast spin-echo of the brain: What sequence has intrinsically better spatial resolution?
Conventional spin-echo
Sage et al: Conventional spin-echo vs fast spin-echo of the brain: What are potential disadvantages of Fast spin-echo?
Motion artifact
Blurring
hyperintensity of fat.
Sage et al: Conventional spin-echo vs fast spin-echo of the brain: What can be done to increase spatial resolution in the fast spin echo?
Increased NEX
Finer matrix
Still is faster than conventional.
Sage et al: Conventional spin-echo vs fast spin-echo of the brain: What modality has the highest contrast resolution?
MRI
Sage et al: Conventional spin-echo vs fast spin-echo of the brain: Fast spin echo was better in visualizing what in the spinal cord?
Subarachnoid space.
Pease et al: Single shot turbo spin-echo pulse sequence for assesing subarachoid space: The “CSF” column on T2W images of the spine is actually what?
Epidural fat and CSF
Pease et al: Single shot turbo spin-echo pulse sequence for assesing subarachoid space: What does the Single shot assess in the spinal cord?
CSF compression
Composition of the CSF
Praun et al: MRI necrotizing encephalitis yorkies: What is the common enhancement pattern of NME?
Ill-defined - or rim enhancement - consistent with necrosis.
Praun et al: MRI necrotizing encephalitis yorkies: NME MRI characteristics? How does it differ from GME?
Multi-focal - asymmetric T2 hyperintense and T1 iso-hypointense lesions
Grey to subcortical white matter causing loss of cortical distinction.
GME is mostly white matter
Praun et al: MRI necrotizing encephalitis yorkies: What did the contrast enahncement relate to?
Histopath results of lymphohistiocytic inflammation.
Diagnosis?
Vascular anomaly.
Quintavalla et al: transesophageal echocardiogram of boxer:
Do it work?
Yes
What is the normal ejection velocity of the aorta?
2.2 m/s
Boxers can be a little bit more.
Higher means stenosis
Risselada et al: Power doppler assessment of neovascular
Nyman et al; Characterization of canine superfical tumors US: What were the most important US classification crieria?
Echogenicity (heterogenous = malignant)
Tumor border shape
Acoustic shadowing
Number of vessel
Vascular flow.
Thollot et al: Iohexol plasma clearance in dogs and cats; Iohexal is best normilzed for plasma clearnace in healthy dogs using what? Cats?
Dogs - Body surface area
Cat - Body weight, Body surface area Extracelluar fluid volume.
Thollot et al: Iohexol plasma clearance in dogs and cats; What is the gold standard for GFR testing?
Inulin testing.
GFR and CT; CT underestimates or overestimates GFR?
Underestimates when compared to Scintigraphy.
Kirberger et al: Lions and mycobacterium bovis skeletal changes; What were the most common incidental findings in this group of lions?
Trauma/degenerative changes.
Kirberger et al: Lions and mycobacterium bovis skeletal changes; Most common characteristic of M. Bovis included what?
septic arthritis with new bone formation and capsular mineralization (mainly the tarsal joints and mainly proliferative)
Bone abscess
Elbow hydromas (hygromatous periosteal reaction)
Lee et al: US eval of external ear canal and TM in dogs; What was done to better see the external ear canal and TM?
Infusion of saline.
Can see External ear canal, tympanic membrane and tympanic bulla
Assessment of the tympanic membrane rupture can be done.
Risselada et al; Neovascularization of long bone healing; When does doppler first pick up highest signal from a healing long bone?
11-20 days
Lasts until 71-80 days
Hecht et al: Relationship of pancreatic duct and age of cat; What significant alters pancreatic duct thickness?
Age of cat
Hecht et al: Relationship of pancreatic duct and age of cat; What was the range of thickness of pnacreatic ducts in older cats?
0.1-0.5cm which was correlated wtih age.
Hecht et al: Relationship of pancreatic duct and age of cat; Signifcant difference between what age groups was found?
<1-5 yo between older cats
>15yo and younger cats
Signifcant correlation between age and duct width.
Hecht et al: Relationship of pancreatic duct and age of cat; Pancreatic duct width was?
<0.25 cm in young cats
<0.5 cm in old cats
What is the end-diastolic subaortic interventricular sepatl thickness in cats?
<6mm
Mitral flow late diastolic velocity in cats?
0.2-0.8 m/s
Caceres et al; CT angio of normal pancreas dog; When was the purely arterial pancreatic time window?
5-6s
5ml/s power injector
Caceres et al; CT angio of normal pancreas dog; Pancreatic veins and parenchyma remained enhanced until when?
40s
Caceres et al; CT angio of normal pancreas dog; What scan provides the best delineation of the pancreas from the liver?
Delayed phase
Nyman et al:Characterization of the normal and abdnormal LN using US: What US characteristic can be used to divide LN into two groups relativly arruately?
LN size
Vascular flow
PI index
Nyman et al:Characterization of the normal and abdnormal LN using US: What are the cutoff values for malignant and benign LNs for RI and PI?
RI = 0.68
PI = 1.49
Nyman et al:Characterization of the normal and abdnormal LN using US: What is RI and PI?
PI = Pulsality index - Peak systolic = end diastolic/time average max velocity
RI = Resistive index - Peak systolic velocity -end diastolic velocity/peak sytolic
Nyman et al:Characterization of the normal and abdnormal LN using US: What were the S/L axis ratios for lymphoma nodes vs normal?
S/L = >0.7 - lymphoma
S/L = <.06 - Reactive nodes
Congenital scoliosis in a horse: What is more common, thoracic or cervical vertebral malformations?
Cervical
In horses, scoliosis results from what?
Asymmetric hypoplasia or aplasia of the articular processes
CT GFR study: Anderson et al: Why was it thought that CECT underestimated GFR compared to scinitragraphy?
Altered renal blood flow
Hematocrit of the small vessels
Nephrotoxicity of the contrast
CT GFR study: Anderson et al: What is GFR measured in?
ml/min/kg
CT GFR study: Anderson et al: What GFR had significant interobserver variability?
Right kidney
Total GFR
CT GFR study: Anderson et al: What is the average global GFR using fucintional CT and what is it when blood mapping plasma iohexol clearance?
- 57 +/- 0.33 ml/min/kg - CT
- 06 +/- 0.37 ml/min/kg - Blood mapping
CT UNDERESTIMATES!!!!
Tyrrell et al: Rads vs US in GI FB in small animals: what modality was the most successful in detecting FB?
US: 16/16 times
Rads: 9/16 had foreign material, 7/16 distended bowl
Tyrrell et al: Rads vs US in GI FB in small animals: What else did US find that rads did not?
GI wall thickening
loss of layering
peritoneal fluid
lymphadenopathy.
Reetz et al: CT variation in the feline nasal septum: Nasal septal deviation was common in what cats?
All cats, no clinical significance between the groups.
87% rhintis
69% neoplasia
71.4% normal cats
Reetz et al: CT variation in the feline nasal septum: What was the cutoff off magnitude of the nasal septal deviation between cats with and cats without nasal disease?
>1mm
Reetz et al: CT variation in the feline nasal septum: What statistically significant between rhinitis cats and neoplasia cats on CT?
Presence of a mass was significantly seen more in neoplasia
Lysis of the septum was not significantly difference.
Reetz et al: CT variation in the feline nasal septum: Frontal sinus and sphenoid sinus septum are commonly or uncommonly deviated?
COMMON
Frontal sinus: 28%
Shenoid sinus: 97%
Epidermoid cysts have are derived from what cells and had a predilection for what location?
Ectodermal tissues
Predilection for the cranial sites… specifically the caudal fossa.
How does blood degenerate after a bleed?
Oxyhemoglobin
Deoxyhemoglobin
Methemoglobin
What are the clinical signs of facial n paralysis?
Peripheral LMN paralysis
Facial muscles
Drooping of the ear/corner of the mouth
impairment of blinking
What are the differentials for facial n paralysis?
Otitis
Sufflonamid
Trauma
hypothyroid
neoplasia
polyneuropathies
The facial nerve runs through what with the vestibulocochlear n. to exit the cranial cavity?
Internal acoustic meatus.
It then enters the facial canal of the petrous temporal bone
It then bends into the geniculate ganglion.
Then runs rostroventrally and opens into the middle ear
Then emerges from the stylomastoid foramen to innvervate the muscles
Therefore there are 4 groups/segments!
IAM
Labyrinthine/geniculate ganglion
Tympanic
mastoid
Varejao et al: MRI facial nerve in dogs with idiopathic facial paralysis: Does contrast enhancement happen with idiopathic facial paralysis in dogs?
Yes… it means a worse prognosis and longer recovery.
Spotswood et al: Change in echo variables in dogs with normovolemic anemia; What was the only variable that did not have a statistical signifant difference between the severely anemia state and all other anemic states/normals?
End diastolic volume.
Everything was significantly changes (FS, Ejection fraction, End-systolic volume, heart rate)
MRI in a dog with caudal aortic thromboemolism: What MRA sequence was used for varification of this finding?
TOF
MRI in a dog with caudal aortic thromboemolism: What is the common history for dogs with aortic thromboembolism?
Chronic history of paresis.
Vandevelde et al: Comparsion of US, rads and arthroscopy in OCD lesions; Subchondral defects where detected on US commonly or uncommonly?
Commonly 21/29 fully visible
8/29 paritally visable.
Kampa et al: Effect of observer variabilty on GFR in renal scintigraphy: Most variation affecting percent DTPA upake came from what?
ROI drawing technique.
Kampa et al: Effect of observer variabilty on GFR in renal scintigraphy: What was the variation for the RK and LK when the effect of both kidney deptth and kidney ROI drawing were combined? (in percentage)
8-10% variation.
Kampa et al: Effect of observer variabilty on GFR in renal scintigraphy: what is recommended to reduce variation?
Threshold scales should be used for kidney depth
Automatic or semi-automatic ROI should be used.
Kampa et al: Effect of observer variabilty on GFR in renal scintigraphy: What is the most accurate semi-automatic ROI drawing in means of percentage of maxium kidney activity?
20%
Kampa et al: Effect of observer variabilty on GFR in renal scintigraphy: What radiopharm is used in this procedure?
99mTc- DTPA
Kampa et al: Effect of observer variabilty on GFR in renal scintigraphy: 1 cm error in estimation of true kidney depth leads to a what percentage difference in caluclated GFR
14-16%
Air venous embolism is most likely to cause death in what position?
Right lateral as it traps air in the right ventricular …. flip into left lateral as this traps it in the right atrium and allows it to slowly dissapate.
Benigni et al: Lymphoma urinary bladder: what is the most common bladder tumors?
TCC
SCC
Adenocarcinoma
Undifferentiated carcinoma
Leiomyomas, hemagiomas, fibromas and sacrcomas
Brumitt et al: Radiographic appearance of Musculare dystrophy?
Thorax: Diaphragmatic asymmetry, Diaphragmatic undulation, gastro-esophageal hiatal hernia
Pelvic: Narrowing of the body of the ilia, ventral deviation adn curvature of the tuber ischii, elongation of the obturator foramen, lateral flaring of the wings of the ilia
Abdomen: Hepatomegaly, poor serosal detail.
Mia: Hilar perivenous hyperecho triangle with splenic torsion; The presence of a hilar hyperechoic perivenous triangle is significantly associated with what?
Acute splenic torsions
Benigni et al: Lymphoma urinary bladder: Lymphoma in the bladder looks like what and has a prediclection for what spot in the bladder.
Looks like all other neoplasms in the bladder
No prediclection
Benigni et al: Lymphoma urinary bladder: What is the most common complication of urinary bladder lymphoma?
Hydronephrosis and hydroureter.
Weekes et al: Scintigraphy of the MC and MT; Where was the max radiopharm uptake located inthe MC vs MT?
Dorsal to central in the prox MC on the lateral, and medial to central on the dorsal images
Central and plantar in the prox MT on the lateral and lateral portion on the plantar images
Weekes et al: Scintigraphy of the MC and MT; Higher uptake was noted in the which MCs and which MTs?
MC were the same
The right MT had higher uptake than the left.
Weekes et al: Scintigraphy of the MC and MT; How did age play a role in the uptake?
It didn’t..
Kinns et al: Rads sensitivity and NPV for acute canine spinal trauma; What was the sensitivity for rads for spinal fractures and subluxations?
Fractures = 72%
Subluxations 78%
Kinns et al: Rads sensitivity and NPV for acute canine spinal trauma; What was the NPV for rads for vertebral canal narrowing and fracture fragments in the canal? What was the interobserver agreement with rads?
Canal narrowing: 58%
Fracture fragments: 51%
Interobserver agreement = moderate to fair in most lesions.
Ober et al: 2 view vs 3 veiw chest radiographs; Why take three view chest rads for structured intersitial patterns in dogs?
By eliminating one view from the three -view study you would change the diagnosis by 12-15%.
What gradient is the chemical shift seen in ?
Frequency
Kneissl et al: MRI features of normal head and neck LN: What were the T1 and T2 characteristics of normal lymphies?
T2 and T1 hypointense to fat.
Isointense after contrast.
Kneissl et al: MRI features of normal head and neck LN: What were consistent landmarks for mandibular, medial retropharyngeal and parotid LN?
Facial vein (arrow head) - Mandibular
Mandibular salivary gland - Retros
Parotid SG or external acoustic meatus - Parotid LN
Da Costa et al: MRI vs myelography in dobies with Cervical spondylomyelopathy: What is fundamental for surgical planning in these cases?
Dynamic lesions vs static
Need traction study.
Da Costa et al: MRI vs myelography in dobies with Cervical spondylomyelopathy: MRI is more accurate in predicting what?
Site, severit and nature of spinal cord compression.
Myelogram markedly underscored the severity of the spinal cord compression and failed to classify correctly.
Da Costa et al: MRI vs myelography in dobies with Cervical spondylomyelopathy: What is the recommended weight of traction to be used?
20% of the dogs weight.
Martig et al: Low-field MRI Meniscal lesions in dogs: What size of dogs were too small for evaluation of the meniscus on low-field MRI?
< 10 kg
Martig et al: Low-field MRI Meniscal lesions in dogs: What type of lesion was seen on MRI but no arthroscopy thus lending MRI to be a helpful tool in diagnosis of meniscus injury?
Grade 3: linear tears penetrating a meniscal surface to the tibia
Martig et al: Low-field MRI Meniscal lesions in dogs: After 13 months post CCL tear all dogs developed what?
Grade 4 (complex meniscal distortion) lesions of the MEDIAL meniscus (most longitudinal or bucket handle tears)
Bertolini et al: CT adrenal gland volume and attenuation; What is the normal size, attenutation (pre and post contrast) of the left and right adrenal gland?
Left: 0.2-1.0 cm³, Pre= 22-42 HU, Post 85-130 HU
Right: 0.2-1.0 cm³, Pre = 20-48 HU, Post 86-128 HU
Chalmers et al: US of the equine larynx: What structures are allowed to be visualized on US that cannot be seeon endoscopy?
Hyoid apparatus
Laryngeal cartilages
Intrinsic and extrinsic laryngeal muscle
Perilaryngeal soft tissues
What are common cause of poor performance related to the upper airway?
Recurrent layngeal neuropathy
Dorsal displacement of the soft palate
Arytenoid chondritis
What are the four acoustic window for a horses larynx?
Transverse rostroventral window (tongue, lingual process, ceratohyoid and basihyoid bone)
Midventral (Longitudinal): Basiohyoid, thyrohyoid bone and the insertion of the thyrohyoid m on it, thyroid cart
Caudoventral (transverse): VOCAL FOLDS and trachea (close nose to see VF move more)
Caudolateral: (lateral flexion of the neck improved this window) Thyroid, cricoid and arytenoids (inhalation causes abduction) carts can be seen. The cricoarytenoideus lateralis can be see.
What position is the best position to have a dog in, in order to increase the L5-L6 mid laminar distance in order to facilitate a lumbar puncture?
Sternal with legs flexed
