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VRU 2012 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the most common findings with thoracic histiocytic sarcoma?

A

1: Lymphadenopathy - Sternal and TB LN not mediastinal

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2
Q

What is the most common lung lobe affected by histiocytic sarcoma?

A

Right middle - ventral aspect

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3
Q

Bernese moutain dogs are how many more times likely to develop histiocytic sarcoma? Rotties?

A

BMD: 225x

Rotties: 26x

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4
Q

Majority of histiocytic sarcoma pulmonary masses are described as?

A

Poorly maginated

Bronchocenteric

Heterogeneous in contrast enhancement.

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5
Q

What is the most common hepatic mass?

A

Hepatocellular carcinoma

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6
Q

Common enhancement pattern for hepatocellular carcinoma with contrast enhancing CT?

A
  1. Marginal enhancement
  2. Centrally enhancement
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7
Q

What is the sensitivity and specificity of radiographs when looking at elbows for incongruity?

A

88% sensitivity

92% specific

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8
Q

What was the most common finding of joint incongruity found on radiographs?

A

Radioulnar step

Widening of humeroulnar and humeroradial joint space

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9
Q

What sequence will produce the least amount of susceptibility artifact when looking at stifles with implants?

A

TSE and sequences employing spectral fat saturation

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10
Q

What is the difference between diamagnetic and paramagnetic or ferromagnetic materials?

A

Diamagnetic has paired electrons

Para and ferro are unpaired electrons thus can create more of a magnetic field and cause distortion of the B0

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11
Q

What is the difference between paramagnetic and ferromagnetic?

A

Paramagnetic will loose its magnetism after it is taken out of a magnet

Ferro does not lose its magnetism.

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12
Q

What two parts make up a susceptibility artifact?

A

Signal void

Misregistration specifically in the frequency and slice-encoding gradients

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13
Q

What sequence is most affected by susceptibility artifact?

A

GRE due to the lack of 180 degree refocusing pulse.

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14
Q

What impant material had the least amount of susceptibility artifact?

A

Titanium alloy and stainless steal crimps

Stainless steel TPLO had the worse

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15
Q

What sequence weighting is least susceptible to metal in MRI?

A

T1 due to short TE.

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16
Q

What was the most common feature of articular process joint degeneration on MRI in great dane dogs affect with cervical spondylomyelopathy?

A

Reduction or loss or irregular pattern of the synovial fluid in the articular joints - this was associated with lateral compression

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17
Q

Are degenerative changes in the articular process joints common in Great danes on MRI?

A

Yes — 86% of articular joints are degenerative

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18
Q

Most common degenerative changes see on MRI n the articular process joints of Great danes was seen where in the cervical spine?

A

Caudal spine

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19
Q

How was intraoberver and interobserver variability in grading incongruity on radiographs?

A

Not great

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20
Q

Mankin et al: HASTE imaging was in agreement with T2W sequences more often when there was a lesion or when there is not a lesion?

A

96% agreement when there is not a lesion - 98% agreement when there is not a surgical lesion 58% when there is a lesion - 82% lesion is considered surgical

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21
Q

Palus et al: With intracranial lymphoma lesions all dogs had involvement of what portion of the brain while all cats had involvement of what portion?

A

Dogs - Rostrotentorial Cats - Caudotentorial

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22
Q

Palus et al: With CNS lymphoma all lesions where what intensity on T2 and T1 when compared to the white matter?

A

T2 hyperintense T1 hypointense

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23
Q

Palus et al: All CNS lymphoma lesions exhibit what characteristic?

A

Mass effect Contrast enhancement

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24
Q

Palus et al: CNS lymphoma is the most common tumor affecting the spinal cord and second most common intracranial tumor in what species?

A

Cat

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25
Q

Palus et al: There was what type of male to female ratio for CNS lymphoma?

A

1.7:1

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26
Q

Palus et al: The majority of lesions had normal or abnormal meninges surrounding it?

A

abnormal with half of the meninges contrast enhancing.

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27
Q

Le Roux et al: Why is the tracheal bifuraction angle worth little value when evaluating left atrial enlargement in dogs?

A

Large degree of overlap Poor sensitivity (15-40%)

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28
Q

Le Roux et al: What is the normal tracheal bifuraction angle on DV images in a dog?

A

60-90 degrees

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29
Q

Anjou et al: Does using fat suppression techniques increase the likelhood of obtaining a diagnosis of meningeal enhancement on MRI?

A

Yes..significantly— in all Times of acquisition.

Time delay did NOT improve meningeal enhancement.

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30
Q

Anjou et al: What type of fat suppression technique was used in this paper where fat suppression was looked at to see if it helps detect meningeal enhancement?

A

Chemical shift fat suppression - not STIR because that would STIR out enhancement.

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31
Q

Anjou et al: What disease process did difffuse and leptomeningeal enhancement occur more often?

A

inflammatory

Neoplasia was always thicker though

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32
Q

What meningeal enhancement is considered always pathologic?

A

Leptomeningeal

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33
Q

Pachymeningeal enhancement is considered pathologic in humans when what is seen?

A

Mutiple contiguous slices thickness of >2mm

Nodular pattern

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34
Q

Two different ways to characterize the distribution of meningeal enhancement?

A

Focal vs Regional.

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35
Q

Two different ways to characterize the distribution of meningeal enhancement?

A

Focal vs Regional.

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36
Q

Is meningeal enhancement seen in brain infarct?

A

Yes

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37
Q

What sequence has a longer TI…FLAIR or STIR?

A

FLAIR. Fat relaxes faster and therefore the nulling of the signal of fat is faster.

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38
Q

What are the most common LN to be enlarged with thoracic histiocytic sarcoma in dogs?

A

Sternal and TB

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39
Q

What is the occipital bone index in Schmidt et al study on syringomyelia?

A

It is the Volume (LxWxH) of the occipital bone compared to the entire skull volume.

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40
Q

In Schmidt et al study was there a significant difference in the occipital bone index between Cavies with syringomyelia, cavies without syringomyelia and Frenchies without caudal occipital malformation?

A

None.

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41
Q

Schmidt et al: Conclude what about caudal occipatal malformation and syringohydromyelia?

A

Occipital hypopaplasia is likely not a cause for syringomyelia

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42
Q

Piola et al: Suggest what changes are seen in incomplete humeral condyle ossification in a dog on MRI?

A

Heterogeneous (central area of hyperintensity) humeral condyle on STIR. - most common feature

This was seen in the contralateral limbs of dogs with incomplete ossification in the other limb. This was not see in normal dogs (dogs with both elbows normal).

So this might represent future fissure in the making.

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43
Q

Piola et al: what was the percentage of dogs with bilateral disease when looking at incomplete humeral condyle ossification on MRI?

A

60%

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44
Q

Piola et al: what percentage of fissures did radiographs miss that MRI picked up for IHCO?

A

32%

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45
Q

Piola et al: what breed and sex were more predisposed to IHCO?

A

Male Spaniels

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46
Q

Holowinski et al: MRI of navicular bursa adhesions, what type gave 100% positive predictive value? What are the characteristics of this?

A

Type 3 which is where the fluid signal is disrupted and a well-defined tissue is present

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47
Q

Holowinski et al: MRI of navicular bursa adhesions, where were the other most common lesions?

A

DDFT Navicular bone

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48
Q

Holowinski et al: MRI of navicular bursa adhesions, what was the best images to evaluate for bursa adhensions? what was the worse?

A

transverse - best dorsal - worst

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49
Q

Holowinski et al: MRI of navicular bursa adhesions, what were the best sequences to evaluate for adhesions?

A

PD or STIR

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50
Q

Holowinski et al: MRI of navicular bursa adhesions,what did they say about their slice thickness at 3.5mm?

A

It was adequate

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51
Q

Jone et al: TB lymphadenopathy and diagnosis, what was the most common diagnosis?

A

Neoplasia with lymphoma

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52
Q

Jone et al: TB lymphadenopathy and diagnosis, what was the most common non-lymphoid neoplasia?

A

Carcinomas and histiocytic sarcoma

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53
Q

Holowinski et at: Holowinski et al: MRI of navicular bursa adhesions, Where do adhesions common occur?

A
  1. DDFT
  2. Collateral seasomoidean ligaments
  3. Navicular bone
  4. Distal sesamoidean impar ligament.
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54
Q

Having what enlarged increases you suspicion of an adhesion with the DDFT?

A

One side of the collateral sesamoidean ligament as seen in the picture CSL

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55
Q

Amort et al: MRI of LS disc degeneration in normal GSD, Disc degeneration of GSD was higher or lower (grades) than other dogs?

A

Higher…. GSD are predisposed to LS disc degeneration. This is independent from other disc spaces

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56
Q

Amort et al: MRI of LS disc degeneration in normal GSD, what was the difference between the alignment of the LS spine in GSD vs non-GSD dogs?

A

GSD had a mean malalignment of 2.85mm which is 1.8 times higher than other species.

LS protrusion greater than 2mm is considered clinically relevant.

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57
Q

Gutierrez et al: MRI features of cervical articular process degeneration in Great danes with wobblers, Where were the most severe changes?

A

Between C4-C5 and C7-T1

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58
Q

Gutierrez et al: MRI features of cervical articular process degeneration in Great danes with wobblers, What was the most frequent associated MRI feature with articular process degeneration?

A

Reduction or loss of hyperintense synovial fluid signal

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59
Q

Gutierrez et al: MRI features of cervical articular process degeneration in Great danes with wobblers, degenerative changes in the articular processes were correlated with what type of compression?

A

Lateral compression.

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60
Q

Samoy et al: Sensit and spec of rads for elbow incongruity, what is the sensitivity and specificity of radiographs for detecting incongruity?

A

sensitivity = 89%

Specificity = 92%

Making it a good screening tool for elbow encongruity.

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61
Q

Samoy et al: Sensit and spec of rads for elbow incongruity, what are the four signs of elbow incongruity?

A

Radioulnar step

enlarged humerounlar joint space

elliptic shape of the trochlear notch

cranial displacement of the humeral head

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62
Q

Samoy et al: Sensit and spec of rads for elbow incongruity, what is the advised oblique to look for elbow incongruity?

A

Cranial 15 degree medial - caudolateral

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63
Q

Samoy et al: Sensit and spec of rads for elbow incongruity, what was the most frequent sign for elbow incongruity?

A

Radioulnar step

Widening of the humeroulnar and humeroradial joint space

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64
Q

Fat dogs and old dogs had decrease in their ability to do what with the lumbosacral joint?

A

Extend it and greater severity of spondylosis.

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65
Q

Reetz et al: CT features of pleural masses: What lymph nodes drain the mediastinum?

A

Cranial mesenteric

Sternal

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66
Q

Reetz et al: CT features of pleural masses: What are your two ddx for pleural thickening with contrast enhancement?

A

Inflammation/infectious (fungal, bacterial, FB)

Neoplastic (Mets, methositheoma)

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67
Q

Fischetti et al: CT and MRI of cats with acromegaly: What is the excess hormone related to Feline acromegaly?

A

Growth hormone

Insulin-like growth factor 1

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68
Q

Fischetti et al: CT and MRI of cats with acromegaly: What are the main soft tissue abnormalities of acromegaly in cats?

A

Frontal bone thickened

Soft tissue accumulation of the nasal cavity, sinus and pharynx (respiratory issues)

Pituitary tumor - 5/6 cats

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69
Q

Johnson et al: MRI characteristics of vertebral injury: What is the important finding of this paper?

A

That the 3 compartment strategy is not just for osseous structures. Soft tissue injuries in these compartments can cause instability. So MRI is useful for looking for this.

70
Q

Felumlee et al: US to locate retained testes: What was the PPV and sensitivity of locating retained testes?

A

100% For PPV

>96% for sensitivity

71
Q

Ketaki et al: Accuracy of CT in determining size of osteosarcoma: What was the most accurate way in CT to measure the length of a canine appendicular osteosarcoma lesion using 0.625mm slices?

A

Using intramedullary and endosteal abnormalities (1.8% mean OVERestimation)

Periosteal response and contrast enhancement was approximately 10% overestimation

72
Q

Alexander et al: CT vs Rads in detection of pulmonary nodules: Which modality outperformed the others (CT, rads, film) in finding the greatest number of pulmonary nodules and the smallest?

A

CT - stat significant.

There was less interobserver variablitiy too.

73
Q

Fukushima et al: CT of primary mass lesions in dogs: What was the common CT findings in hepatocellular carcinoma?

A

Central or marginal enhancement in the arterial phase (NEVER DIFFUSE)

Cyst-like lesions

Capsule formation

Hypoattenuating in the portal and equilibrium phase

74
Q

Fukushima et al: CT of primary mass lesions in dogs: What were common CT finding of adenoma and hyperplasia?

A

Diffuse enhancement (~60%) - BUT, this was never seen in hepatocellular carcinoma.

Hyperplasia rarely has a capsule and is smaller.

Adenomas commonly had contrast retention in portal phase.

75
Q

Cissell et al: CT of equine sinonasal neoplasia: What was the most common tumor type?

A

Neuroendocrine/neuroblastoma (5/15)

76
Q

Cissell et al: CT of equine sinonasal neoplasia: What can help delinate ethmoid hematomas from soft tissue tumors?

A

Ethmoid hematomas are iso to HYPERattenuating compared to the masseter muscle with well-defined margins. THEY ARE CONTAIN A HYPERDENSE SWIRL (image)!

Soft tissue tumors were all iso-intense with no swirl (swirl seen in image).

77
Q

Cissell et al: CT of equine sinonasal neoplasia: What is the major difference been sinusitis and soft tissue tumors?

A

Bone lysis with tumors.

78
Q

Cissell et al: CT of equine sinonasal neoplasia: What are common features of neuroblastomas/neuroendocrine tumors?

A

Retrobulbar or Ethmoid turbinate location (all reported ones)

Lysis of the cribriform/extension into the cranial vault.

79
Q

Samoy et al: Sensitivity and specificity of rads in elbow incongruity; What was was sensitivity and specificity of rads in detecting elbow incongruity confirmed on CT?

A

89% sensitive

92% specific.. so not a bad job

80
Q

Samoy et al: Sensitivity and specificity of rads in elbow incongruity; What is the grading scale for CT for elbow incongruity?

A

Normal (grade 0) = <0.5mm radioulnar step

Grade 1 = 0.5-2mm

Grade 2 = 2-3mm

Grade 3 = >3mm

81
Q

Samoy et al: Sensitivity and specificity of rads in elbow incongruity; What is a radiographic view for elbow incongruity?

A

Cranial 15º medial-caudolateral projection

82
Q

Samoy et al: Sensitivity and specificity of rads in elbow incongruity; What was the best parameters for identifying elbow incongruity on rads?

A

Radioulnar step

Widening of the radiohumarl and humeroulnar joint

On the LATERAL projection

83
Q

Pelosi et al: caudal vena cava kinking in dogs with ascites; What was the findings of this paper?

A

Caudal vena cava kinking was noted at 2 liters of fluid was injected in the abdomen.

Ascites causes kinking and kinking does not cause ascites

ONLY seen on the right lateral.

84
Q

Heng et al: US and nephroliths: What US mode was better in detecting nephroliths and delinating their margins?

A

Conventional - distal acoustic shadowing was more apparent.

  • Less hyperechoic though
  • more distinct margin
85
Q

Heng et al: US and nephroliths: What does spatial compounding do?

A

Reduces speckle and clutter

Speckle - scatter from tissue texture

Clutter is acoustic noise from side-lobes, reverberation, etc

86
Q

Heng et al: US and nephroliths: Acoustic shadowing artifact is usually what with spatial compounding compared to conventional US?

A

Acoustic shadowing is usually wider and less intense.

87
Q

Adrian et al: Temperature a T1 relaxation time in horses; does temperature affect T1 relaxation times?

A

Yes

3.13ms/ºC increase in T1

88
Q

Amort et al: MRI of the lumbosacral junction: What was the difference between GSD and other dogs?

A

Less signal intensity of the nucleus pulposus

Higher degeneration grades

Greater malalignment (2.85mm)

89
Q

Reid et al: CT bronchial lumen to pulmonary artery diameter ratio in normal cats: What is the normal upper brochial lumen:pulmonary artery diameter ratio cutoff for normal cats?

A

>0.91 mean —- greater is bronchectasis.

90
Q

Le Roux et al: Value of tracheal bifurcation angle measurement for left atrial enlargement in dogs: What makes this a poor diagnostic test?

A

Very poor sensitivity.

91
Q

What type of cardiac abnormalities are noted in humans with pectus excavatum?

A

Decreased cardiac output

mitral valve prolapse

arrhythmias

92
Q

What are the two types of pectus excavatum?

A

Acquired - upper airway obstruction

Congenital

93
Q

What is the ddx for this?

A

Tracheal intussception

Foreign body

Mass

Kink

94
Q

What is the description of Glimatosis cerebri?

A

Rare neoplasm characterized by diffuse and widespread infiltration of the CNS by glial cells with relative preservation of neural tissue architecture.

Two types:

Type I: Diffuse infiltration with no mass

Type II: Diffuse infiltration with a mass

95
Q

Pey et al: Effect of steroid on adrenal gland size: When were significant differences noted in the height of the cranial and caudal pole of adrenal glands after administration of hydrocortisone?

A

4 months

This was at 20mg of hydrocortisone which is 5mg of pred.

96
Q

Pey et al: Effect of steroid on adrenal gland size: When did the adrenal glands regained normal size and shape after cessation of steroid adminstration?

A

1 month

97
Q

Combes et al: US of cat adrenal glands with hyperthyroidism: What should

A
98
Q

Amort et al: MRI of the lumbosacral junction: What else effects the degeneration of the LS disc besides breed?

A

Age.

99
Q

Quintana et al: MRI features of wobblers in great danes: What was the most frequent feature associated with articular joint degeneration?

A

Reduction of the hyperintense synovial fluid on T2W

100
Q

Quintana et al: MRI features of wobblers in great danes: Where were the most severe changes noted?

A

C4-C5 and C7-T1

101
Q

Quintana et al: MRI features of wobblers in great danes: Degenerative changes of the articular process (affecting the synovial fluid or causing lateral hypertrophy) was correlated with what?

A

Lateral compression

102
Q

Tsukasgoshi et al: Decreased gallbladder emptying in dogs: What conditions caused significant reduction of ejection fraction at 60min post meal compared to normal dogs?

A
  1. Mobile sludge
  2. Immobile sludge
  3. Gallbladder mucocele

All three with the mucocele having the greatest changes.

This means that sludge is not just a benign thing… may predispose the dogs to biliary disease.

103
Q

Shanaman et al: CT subclinical middle ear disease in cats: Is this a common oocurance?

A

Yes - 34% of cats with CT ear abnormalities did not have a primary complaint/clinical signs of ear disease.

104
Q

Shanaman et al: CT subclinical middle ear disease in cats: What percentage of these subclinical cats had concurrent nasal disease?

A

79% - so a lot

105
Q

Shanaman et al: CT subclinical middle ear disease in cats: Can you differentiate via CT between subclinical and clinical middle ear disease in cats?

A

Nope… they look the same

Lysis was rare in both.

106
Q

Da Costa: CT of wobblers: Where were the main compression sites for wobblers in both medium and giant-breed dogs?

A

C5-C7

107
Q

Da Costa: CT of wobblers: Giant breed dogs had what type of compression while large breed dogs had what type?

A

Giant = lateral compression - multiple sites

Large breed = ventral and disc associated - one site.

108
Q

Da Costa: CT of wobblers: What was an important finding about giant breed dogs in this study?

A

A number of compressive lesions were seen as far back as T2 so need to include that in your view.

109
Q

Where does greyhound non-suppurative meningoencephalitis predominate in the brain?

A

The rostral cerebrum and caudate nuclei

Bilateral symmetrical.

110
Q

When does postnatal gyrification of the canine brain occur?

A

Over the first 14 days of life… so lissencephalic dogs cannot be diagnosed until after that.

111
Q

MRI characteristic of cerebral microbleeds: What are the characteristics? What are some reasons?

A
  1. Not seen on T2 and T1
  2. <4mm on T2*
  3. No enhancement

Reasons

  1. Hypertension
  2. Carotid disease
  3. Amyloid angiopathy
  4. Vasculitis
  5. Bleeding disorder
  6. Trauma
112
Q

Specchi et al: Anatomic variation in feline jugular veins: What species have both external and internal jugular veins, and which ones have just one?

A

Both - Cats and dogs

Just one - Horse

113
Q

Specchi et al: Anatomic variation in feline jugular veins: What jugular vein had the most variation (internal vs external)?

A

Internal

External had no variation.

114
Q

Oliveriera et al: CT of feline nasopharyngeal polyps: What are the characterisitics of polyps?

A

Strong rim enhancement

Smoothly marginated

Mass with stalk-like structure

Asymmetric tympanic bulla thickening with expansion of the tympanic bullae

Some lymph node enlargement is fine.

115
Q

Mankin et al: T2 vs HASTE when evaluating TL discs in dogs: What was the overall results of this paper?

A

That HASTE and T2 are in pretty good relation when determining no lesion or non-surgical lesions (96-98%)

But when it comes to extradural lesions and surgical lesions it did not have that great of agreement (58-82%)

~10% of non-surgical or equivocal cases on T2 were deamed surgical on HASTE images… SO THERE IS A BENEFIT TO RUN HASTE TO EVALUATE THE SEVERITY OF THE COMPRESSION

116
Q

Fields et al: Comparison of sedated US and CT in dogs: What size of dog are lesions in the liver missed?

A

>25kg - this included clinically relevant lesions.

117
Q

Schmidt et al: Porenchephaly in dogs and cats MRI: Porencephalic lesions communicate with what?

A

Subarachnoid space or cerebral ventricles

118
Q

Schmidt et al: Porenchephaly in dogs and cats MRI: What are the two subdivisions of porenchephaly?

A

Developmental : focal neuronal migration disorder

Enphalocloastic: Secondary to ischemia, infection, trauma, etc

In utero infections common in ruminants

119
Q

Schmidt et al: Porenchephaly in dogs and cats MRI: Where were these lesion?

A

Cerebrum all.

120
Q

Schmidt et al: Porenchephaly in dogs and cats MRI: What were the clinical signs?

A

Asymmetimatic

Seizures

Vestibular/nystagmus (there are vestibular nerves in the suprasylvian cortex in cats and suspect dogs… therefore lesions in the cerebrum can cause vestibular signs)

121
Q

Hittmair et al: Stenosing tenosynovitis of the abductor pollicis longus muscle in dogs: What were the common clinical signs?

A

Painful carpal flexion

Firm swelling on the medial aspect of the carpus.

122
Q

Hittmair et al: Stenosing tenosynovitis of the abductor pollicis longus muscle in dogs: Where does the abductor pollicis longus insert?

A

first carpal bone.

123
Q

Hittmair et al: Stenosing tenosynovitis of the abductor pollicis longus muscle in dogs: What are the radiographic signs?

A

Soft tissue swelling at the medial aspect of the carpus

Radiolucency with radiopaque contours in the distal raidal groove

Enthesophyte.

124
Q

Ortega et al: Spondylosis and DISH in adacent segment disease: What is the effect called where dogs develop adjacent segment disease to DISH or severe bridging spondylosis?

A

Domino effect.

125
Q

Ortega et al: Spondylosis and DISH in adacent segment disease: How many consectutive intervertebral disc space need to be fused in order to create a domino effect in the TL vertebrae? What effect is noted on the fused disc spaces?

A

>2 fused.

The fused vertebrae are protected from degeneration.

The adjacent segments at the neighboring unfused IV disc spaces were more likely to be degenerative.

126
Q

Ortega et al: Spondylosis and DISH in adacent segment disease: What breeds are predisposed to spondylosis?

A

Boxers

GSD

127
Q

Lee et al: CT thoracic duct lymphogram in cats popliteal LN: What was the optimal dose for this procedure? What was the optimal acquisition time?

A

1.5ml

Helical CT as soon as possible after iohexol injection

128
Q

Lee et al: CT thoracic duct lymphogram in cats popliteal LN: Where was the cisterna chyli in cats?

A

L3

129
Q

Granger et al: GFR in healthy cat using CT: What was the dose and scanning time used in this study?

A

300mgI/kg

Single slice over the kidneys every 5 sec for ~2 min.

130
Q

Granger et al: GFR in healthy cat using CT: What was the finding when global GFR was compare to serum iohexol clearnance global GFR?

A

CT GFR consistently UNDERESTIMATES GFR when compared to SIC GFR.

1.8 ml/min/kg CT

vs

2.5 ml/min/kg SIC

131
Q

Singh et al: Adenocarcinoma mets to the brain; What was an interesting MRI characteristic about this lesion? What was the explanation?

A

Lack of contrast enhancement.

They discussed this might be due to steriods or increased intracranial pressure. So lack of contrast enhancement can’t rule out mets

DDX for multifocal non-contrast enhancing, necrotizing lesions in the brain = granulomatous or infectious encephalitis.

132
Q

Da Costa: Intervertebral and intravertebral ratios in dobermans with wobblers: What was the conclusion about using intervertebral and intravertebral ratios in dobermans with wobblers?​

A

The ratios were the same in normal dogs and dogs with wobblers - so no use.

133
Q

Seiler et al: HASTE imaging for identifying Arachnoid diverticula in dogs: Was HASTE sequences helpful in identifying arachnoid divertiucla in dogs?

A

YES - it increased diagnoses by 28% when compared to T2W only.

134
Q

Johnson et al: Cranial thoracic spinal stenosis: What type of dog was this condition seen in?

A

Molosser type breeds (mastiff like)

Giant/large breed

Males

Young (9.5months)

135
Q

Johnson et al: Cranial thoracic spinal stenosis: What type of compression was seen?

A

dorsolateral

lateral

dorsoventral

136
Q

Johnson et al: Cranial thoracic spinal stenosis: Where were the lesions most common?

A

T2-T3 and T3-T4

All clinical localized to T3-L3

A) grade 0 normal

B) grade 2 - compression and stenosis

C) Grade 1 - stenosis with no compression

137
Q

What are these structures: 1,3,4,11,12

A

1 = apical ligament of the dens

3 = Transverse ligament

4 = Dorsal atlantoaxial lig

11 = Longus capitus

12 = Longus colli

138
Q

What is number 3 and 10?

A

3 = transverse ligament

10 = dens

139
Q

Middleton et al: MRI of ligamentous structures of the OAA region: What sequence was used to best see the ligments of this region?

A

Sagittal T1W or PD

140
Q

Middleton et al: MRI of ligamentous structures of the OAA region: What was needed to visualize the alar ligaments of this region?

A

20º dorsal plane in 0.6mm slices.

141
Q

Jones et al: US injections of the saroiliac joint: What are the labeled structures? Which ones could be consistently injected?

A

DSL = Dorsal sacroiliac ligament*

VSL = Ventral sacroiliac ligament*

ScC = synchondrosis component*

SnC = synovial component

* = consistently injected

142
Q

Bedu et al: Age related thoracic radiographic changes in golden and labs with muscular dystrophy: What are the radiographic signs?

A
  1. Flattening or scalloped diaphragmatic shape
  2. Pulmonary hyperinflation
  3. Hiatal hernia
  4. Cranial pectus excavatum
  5. Bronchopneumonia
  6. Megaesophagus.
143
Q

Bedu et al: Age related thoracic radiographic changes in golden and labs with muscular dystrophy: What is the grading scale for hiatal hernias?

A

Thoracic ratio

144
Q

Terrangni et al: Stomach wall evaluation using hydro-CT: What was the volume (ml water/Kg) that gave adequate gastric distension?

A

30ml water/kg

145
Q

Pease et al: US guided cervical centesis to obtain cerebrospinal fluid in horse: Where do you take it?

A

C1-C2 - lateral approach

146
Q

Sharpley et al: Color and power doppler US for Splenic masses in dogs: What was significantly associated with malignancy?

A

Peritoneal effusion

Tortuous vessel/aberrant vessel nearly significant (0.06)

147
Q

Lobacz et al: Effect of breed, age, gender on renal size in dogs: What is the accepted ratio (kidney:L2) in dogs? What significantly affected this ratio?

A

2.5-3.5 ratio

Weight (<10kg was significantly different from >30kg)

148
Q

Smith et al: Common surgical implants in MRI: What type of metal had the largest susceptibility artifact?

A
  1. Steel
  2. Stainless steel
  3. Titanium
  4. Lead
149
Q

Couturier et al: US of feline stomach: What was the mean thickness of the caudal esophagus, cardia, plyorus?

A
  1. 4.9mm
  2. 5.0mm
  3. 4.4mm

Duodenum was around 2.5mm

150
Q

CT is better at looking for hemorrhage in the what time frame?

A

First 6 hours.

151
Q

Lowrie et al: Concurrent medical conditions and long-term outcome in dogs with non-traumatic intracranial hemorrhage: What was the most common reason of non-traumatic hemorrhage?

A

Angiostrongylus vasorum

Others:

  1. Mets
  2. Lymphoma
  3. Hypertension
    1. CKD
    2. Hypothyroid
    3. Cushing’s
  4. Septic
  5. Carotid disease/heart disease
152
Q

Draper et al: US renal dimensions in TB horses: Where are the kidneys commonly found? What is the length and width of the kidneys?

A

Both right and left intercostal space - 15-17th

Left - 15cm x 9cm

Right - 16cm x 9cm

153
Q

Hammond et al: Rads of the TMJ: What si the best projection for the TMJ in dogs?

A

lateral 20º rostral - laterocaudal oblique. (Nose up with vertical beam)

154
Q

Jones et al: TB lymphadeopathy and diagnosis: What were the two most common ddx?

A

Neoplasia (85%) - Majority lymphoma (60%) but some histiocytic, mets

Infectious (15%) - All fungal/nocardia/mycrobacteria

155
Q

Dyson et al: Rads of the 3rd carpal bone: What was associated with lameness related to the middle carpal joint?

A
  1. Increased opacity of the third carpal bone
  2. Increased uptake on radiopharm - Dorsal images most useful
  3. Ratio of radiopharmaceutical uptake
  4. Large medullary lucencies and marginal lucencies in the 3rd carpal bone

But these were also noted in normal horses

156
Q

What does PERCIST stand for?

A

Positron Emission tomography Response Criteria In Solid Tumors

157
Q

A cholesteatoma is a what?

A

Cholesterol granuloma.

This was in the 4th ventricle

Ddx: Epidermoid cyst, atypical meningioma, parasitic cyst, abscess, dermoid cyst

158
Q

Giguere et al: Association with rads and outcome in foals with R. equi pneumonia: What score (0-22) had a significantly higher chance of death?

A

greater or equal to 15 were 6.15x higher to die.

159
Q

Giguere et al: Association with rads and outcome in foals with R. equi pneumonia: What radiographic findings were significantly associated with a poor outcome?

A

Severity of the alveolar pattern

Number of cavitary lesions

160
Q

What is pituitary apoplexy?

A

Syndrome caused by sudden compression of parasellar structures - usually due to hemorrhagic infarct of a pituitary tumor.

161
Q

Diffuse restriction of a cerebral infarct usually stay hypointense on ADC for how many days?

A

7-10days

162
Q

Junco et al: MRI finding with equine solar penetration wounds: When was the pentrating tract more likely to be seen?

A

The first week post injury

163
Q

Junco et al: MRI finding with equine solar penetration wounds: What was the best sequence to assess for the penetrating wounds? Why?

A

T2*

Orientation with the DDFT

Reduced scan time

Enhanced magnetic susceptibility

164
Q

Chalmers et al: US for recurrent laryngeal neuropathy in horses: What muscle is commonly affected?

A

Cricoarytenoideus lateralis m.

165
Q

Chalmers et al: US for recurrent laryngeal neuropathy in horses: What was the US signs for recurrent laryngeal neuropathy?

A

INcreased echogenicity of the left cricoarytenoideus lateralis

95% specific and sensitive

166
Q

Wenzinger et al: Rads of standing cattle coxofemoral joint: what is the best angle for this?

A

25º (22-30)

Had the least distortion and superimposition

167
Q

What is this and what are the concern?

A

Nasofrontal suture exostosis

Blockage of the nasolacrimal duct

168
Q

What type of pattern is noted in paragangliomas on T2W images?

A

Salt and pepper

169
Q

Horses that have a good chance in returning to work will have what happen to there DDF lesion over time on MRI?

A

Reduction of STIR and T2W signal

T1 and PD will never go away.

170
Q

What position is best for finding pneumo?

A

Horizontal beam and left lateral….the right lateral horizontal beam was the best

no difference with pleural effusion.

171
Q

How do you tell OCD, reactive, disco, fat and smorls node apart on MRI?

A

OCD will have a defect

Smorls is in the center and likely has a disc thing in it

FAT will STIR out

Diso is irregular

Reactive does not CE

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