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VRU 2008 Flashcards

1
Q

J. Jones et al: AVJR: The mean foraminal area and the LS angle were significantly smaller or larger in extended vs flexed legs?

A

Extended is smaller

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2
Q

J. Jones et al: AVJR: The percentage of change in the LS area or LS angle was significant or not significant in dogs with vs without clinical signs?

A

NOT significant.

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3
Q

Mai et al: Dual phase CTA dogs with insulinoma, what was the lesson here?

A

Two dogs were found to have strong enhancement during the arterial phase but not in any other phase… DOING DUAL PHASE with arterial phase is important.

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4
Q

Bowlus et al: MRI of the femoral head: What was the big difference between MRI characteristics of avascular necrosis vs normal dogs?

A

Avascular necrosis is HETEROGENEOUS on T1, T2 and post contrast

Pic: the left is normal.

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5
Q

Bowlus et al: MRI of the femoral head: What is the normal intensity of the femoral head and neck?

A

Uniform high intensity on T1 and T2 compared to muscle

Uniform or no enhancement on post contrast

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6
Q

Marolf et al: Comparison of CR and conventional rads in detection of pneumoperitoneum: What is the smallest volume of air consistently seen on CR?

A

0.5ml

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7
Q

Marolf et al: Comparison of CR and conventional rads in detection of pneumoperitoneum: Was there a stat difference between conventional radiographs and CR in detecting air?

A

NO difference.

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8
Q

Marolf et al: Comparison of CR and conventional rads in detection of pneumoperitoneum: What was the best projection to detect free air on CR?

A

Laterals

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9
Q

Konar et al: MRI empty sella; What percentage of hypophyseal tissue filling is considered normal vs abnormal?

A

>50% is normal

30-50% is partial empty

<30% is empty.

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10
Q

Konar et al: MRI empty sella; One dog showed signs of what with this condition?

A

central hyperadrenocorticism.

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11
Q

Konar et al: MRI empty sella; What percentage of dogs had this and what type of dog was it?

A

3% of dogs

All small dogs!

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12
Q

Konar et al: MRI empty sella; Empty sella is defined as?

A

Herniation of the subarachnoidal space into the sella turcica with invisible or reduced hypophyseal size.

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13
Q

Taeymans et al: CT features of the normal thyroid gland; what is the normal pre and post contrast HUs of the thyroid?

A
  1. 5 Pre dogs —- 123 HU in cats
  2. 0 Post
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14
Q

Taeymans et al: CT features of the normal thyroid gland; Did the mean volume increase or decrease post contrast?

A

Increased by 40mm3

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15
Q

Taeymans et al: CT features of the normal thyroid gland; Where are 90% of the thyroids located?

A

DORSOLATERAL TO THE TRACHEA

Between the 1st and 8th tracheal rings.

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16
Q

Taeymans et al: CT features of the normal thyroid gland; what were the characteristics of the parathyroid glands?

A

Don’t know… can’t see them on CT.

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17
Q

Taeymans et al: CT features of the normal thyroid gland; What thyroid gland is more cranial? Is the isthmus seen easily?

A

Right is more cranial

No.. can’t see the isthmus

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18
Q

Taeymans et al: MRI features of the normal thyroid gland; Where is the largest diameter of the thyroid compared to the cervical vertebrae?

A

C2/C3

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19
Q

Taeymans et al: MRI features of the normal thyroid gland; Where is the thyroid commonly located?

A

Dorsolatereal.

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20
Q

Taeymans et al: MRI features of the normal thyroid gland; The thyroid is commonly how much wider than the common carotid?

A

2x.

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21
Q

Taeymans et al: MRI features of the normal thyroid gland; Can the parathyroid glands be seen? Is the isthmus seen easily?

A

No and no

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22
Q

Taeymans et al: MRI features of the normal thyroid gland; What was the normal intensity in thyroids? T2, T1, PD and GRE?

A

T2 - Between muscle and fat

T1 - Muscle

T2* - Higher than CSF

PD- Isointense to fat.

Most was heterogeneous.

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23
Q

Stefani et al: MRI features of spinal empyema in dogs: What is the contrast pattern?

A

Peripheral or homogeneous.

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24
Q

Stefani et al: MRI features of spinal empyema in dogs: signal increase where in the associated spinal cord was see in all dogs?

A

Grey matter.

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25
Q

Stefani et al: MRI features of spinal empyema in dogs: What disease is commonly associated with empyema?

A

Discospondylitis.

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26
Q

Stefani et al: MRI features of spinal empyema in dogs: What was the most common site?

A

Caudal TL spine.

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27
Q

Schultz et al: Grass awns in dogs and cats: What are the thoracic radiographic findings of a grass awn?

A

Focal pulmonary interstitial to alveolar opacities (26/35) - caudal AND accessary (pic) lung lobes.

Pneumothorax (9/35)

Pleural effusion (8/35)

Pleural thickening (7/35)

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28
Q

Schultz et al: Grass awns in dogs and cats: What was the most common presentation?

A

Lab or English pointer

<5yo

Coughing or hyperthermia.

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29
Q

Schultz et al: Grass awns in dogs and cats: CT findings of a grass awn?

A

Alveolar pulmonary opacities (RIGHT CAUDAL) 12/14 - Accessary lung lobe too

Pleural thickening 11/14

Lymphadenopathy

Soft tissue tracking

Pneumo

Effusion

4/14 were able to find the FB

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30
Q

Rossi et al: CEUS (Sonovue) for splenic lesions: What was associated with malignancy?

A

Hypoechogenicity in the wash-outt phase COMBINED with tortuous feeding vessels.

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31
Q

Rossi et al: CEUS (Sonovue) for splenic lesions: What was characteristic of the benign lesions?

A

Same perfusion pattern as the surrounding spleen.

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32
Q

Rossi et al: CEUS (Sonovue) for splenic lesions: What was the characteristic pattern for hemangio and lymphoma.. they are different from one another.

A

Lymphoma - early wash in and wash out with a HONEYCOMB pattern

Hemangio - large nonperfused masses with hypervascular periphery.

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33
Q

Labruyere et al: US evaluation vitreous in normal dogs; Vitreous degeneration is more common in what age and sex of dog?

A

>7 years - 6.7odds ratio

females = 3.6 odds ratio

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34
Q

Labruyere et al: US evaluation vitreous in normal dogs; what is the percentage of vitreous degeneration noted in this population?

A

20% … a lot higher than thought for normal dogs.

Pic: the diffuse one is likely asteroid hyalosis while the one with the ventrally located stuff is likely syneresis.

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35
Q

Labruyere et al: US evaluation vitreous in normal dogs; What are the two types of vitreous degeneration and short pathophys?

A

Syneresis - liquefaction of the vitreous (gel like structure) caused by loss of hyaluronic acid which serves as a barrier for toxins and waste products. The increase in toxins and waste causes liquefaction.

Asteroid hyalosis -calcium phospholipids occurs due to chronic inflammation

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36
Q

Labruyere et al: US evaluation vitreous in normal dogs; What is more sensitive for mild vitreous degeneration..US or ophthalmoscopy?

A

US by far.

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37
Q

Schreurs et al: US abdominal LN normal cat: What was the easiest lymph nodes that were seen? Hardest?

A

90-100% were the medial iliac and jejunal

10-40% renal, gastric, sacral and caudal mesenteric

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38
Q

Hock et al: Post morteum cat rad: What is the most common 12hr post death changes seen in the abdomen?

A

Gas in the liver and gas in the vasculature of the abdomen

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39
Q

Wigger et al: femoral head and neck conformation influence on hip dysplasia in GSD: What is a broomstick-like femoral head and neck formation and what influence does it have on the presence of hip dysplasia?

A

Broom stick… see pic.

No influence on precentage of dysplasia.

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40
Q

Most common breeds for insulinomas?

A

Large breed

Irish setter, boxer, GSD

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41
Q

Whatmough et al: Influence positiong has on CC stifle joint space in dogs: Which joint space was larger in normal dogs?

A

The lateral aspect by 1.0cm

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42
Q

Whatmough et al: Influence positiong has on CC stifle joint space in dogs: What influence does rotation, x-ray decentering and tension have on the joint space?

A

Medial rotation increased the lateral joint

Lateral rotation decreases the lateral joint

X-Ray decentering = No influence

Tension = increases both lateral and medial jt space

Think about positioning in extended position… it all widens the joint.

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43
Q

Whatmough et al: Influence positiong has on CC stifle joint space in dogs: What does having a CCL or medial menisectomy do to the joint space?

A

CCL slightly increases

Meniscectomy slightly decreases.

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44
Q

Whatmough et al: Influence positiong has on CC stifle joint space in dogs: What is the end story of this paper?

A

The influence different factors have on the stifle joint does are not as big as the variation between joints in normal dogs… THEREFORE probably not clinically relevant.

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45
Q

Gaschen et al: US findings in chronic enteropathies; What is the best parameter for detecting inflammatory bowel disease in dogs?

A

Mucosal echogenicity and not wall thickness.

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46
Q

Barberet et al: US of abdominal organs; What organs were seen the most and the least?

A

Adrenals and right pancreas = 87-91%

Least = Plyorus, papilla and left limb of the pancreas (42-64%)

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47
Q

Barberet et al: US of abdominal organs; What influenced the visualization the most?

A

GI ingesta and weight of the dog.

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48
Q

Keppie et al: Objective sand colic: What parameters were used for objective scoring?

A

Location (cranioventral worse)

Numberr of accumulations (the worst)

Opacity (As opaque as the rib or vertebral body)

Homogeneity (homogeneous was the worst)

Thickness of sand by rib width (>5 was the worst)

Length of sand by rib width (>20 was the worst)

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49
Q

Keppie et al: Objective sand colic: What was the cutoff for significant scores ie it is probably causing an obstruction?

A

Score of 7 - 83% chance it was a true sand colic

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50
Q

Hahn et al: Cervical vertebral malformation sag ratios: What is the difference between intervertebral and intravertebral sagital ratios?

A

See pic

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51
Q

Hahn et al: Cervical vertebral malformation sag ratios: What was a significant intra/intervertebral sagittal ratio in this study?

A

<0.485 could be correctly classified as having cervical vertebral malformation.

52
Q

What is happening in this MRI in a post op patient?

A

susceptibility from drill bit fragments.

53
Q

What is a look up table (LUT) in radiographs?

A

It is the overall governor of the brighttness of the pixel value. Allowing for only a certain amount of bits to be seen. Kinda like adding a hot lamb to increase conspiquity of the structures.

This is called window and leveling on the post processing.

54
Q

What is a look up table (LUT) artifact?

A

Clipping… didn’t allow the soft tissues to come through.

55
Q

What is clipping and where does it come from?

A

Other forms of clipping due to inappropriate LUT placement or size. (see pic for clipping)

Picture D uses image processing to manipulate the image to have a proper LUT over the entire radiograph.

56
Q

Explain how Uberschwinger (rebound) artifact is made?

A

To get the whole radigraph into one LUT or to get it all the same brightness you have to do processing called “unsharp masking”. This is where you take an image, blurr it for the two areas that need to be similar (stifle and pelvis example). Then you subtract them from eachother. This puts them in the same brightness and thus you can put them in the same LUT.

However, when you do this you sharpen the margins and that causes detail to be erased.. This causes loss of imaging information around very diffferent densities and thus Uberschwinger.

How to fix it is ignore it or use algorithms.

57
Q

Calibration mask errors only happen in what type of Digital radiography?

A

DR… this is because a calibration mask can only be used if the plate and the x-ray tube line up perfectly everytime…. This is impossible with a CR plate.

58
Q

How does a calibration mask artifact happen?

A

When something is in the way of the beam (something loose in the collimator, iodinated contrast medium splashed on the collimator window) when you calibrated it. Thus burning in a spot in the rads (pic)

This debris was on the collimator because the edges are blurry and the if it was on the detector it would be sharp.

59
Q

What digital radiography is susceptible to RF interference?

A

DR

60
Q

What is a ghost image?

A

Certain photodiodes retain a level of charge that if exposure is made again quickly than you wil see a ghost image.

61
Q

What does RAID stand for and what does it mean for storage?

A

Redundant Array of Independent Disks

Multiple discs backing up an image…Most common is RAID 5 (3 disc)

62
Q

What is the difference between on-line and off-liine storage?

A

On-line is rapidly accessible

Off line is the storage is less accessible and needs to restore to online before being accessible.

63
Q

Seiler et al: CT lung lobe torsions: What were the most effected lungs?

A

left cranial (5/10)

Right middle (3/10)

64
Q

Seiler et al: CT lung lobe torsions: What were the common findings?

A

Pleural effusion

Abruptly ending bronchus

Enlargement, consolifation adn emphysema of the affected lung lobe

Mediastinal shift away

Lack of enhancement in the rotated lung

Most common (at least 8/10 dogs)

65
Q

Seiler et al: CT lung lobe torsions: What pitch was used?

A

1.4

66
Q

Seiler et al: CT lung lobe torsions: What type of reconstruction was helpful?

A

Paddle wheel or pivoting

67
Q

Crabtree et al; hilar lymphadenopathy and coccidioides: What is common seen on radiographs with coccidiodies?

A

Hilar lymphadenopathy

68
Q

Crabtree et al; hilar lymphadenopathy and coccidioides: What was the sensitivity, specificity, PPV and NPV of hilar lymphadenopathy being associated with a positive titer of coccidioides in endemic areas?

A

Sen: 28%

Spec: 92%

PPV: 44%

NPV: 85%

This means that in endemic areas this is likely associated with coccidioides infections.

69
Q

Boroffka et al: MRI of canine optic nerve: What is the average diameter off the optic nerve and the optic nerve complex?

A
  1. 7mm- optic nerve
  2. 7mm - optic nerve complex
70
Q

Boroffka et al: MRI of canine optic nerve: What was the best sequence and scan?

A

Fat sat

Dorsal

71
Q

Boroffka et al: MRI of canine optic nerve: what can happen that cause different positions in the optic nerve?

A

Minor eye movement.

72
Q

Boroffka et al: MRI of canine optic nerve: what is the most important factor when imaging the optic nerve?

A

Thin slices.

73
Q

Bertonlini et al: CT adrenal glands: what was the most important source of the variation in adrenal gland volume in dogs with hyperadrenocoticism?

A

Weight

74
Q

Bertonlini et al: CT adrenal glands: what was the difference between HU of normal dogs and dogs affected with hyperadrenocoticism?

A

There wasn’t a difference.

75
Q

Greco: Effect of left vs right recumbancy on VHS; What is the difference?

A

VHS is significantly higher in RIGHT lateral recumbancy.

76
Q

Renfrew et al: Radiographic and ultrasonographic features of canine paraprostatic cysts: How common is mineralization a a paraprostatic cyst on radiographs and US?

A

Common on rads

Not common on US - likely due the small depth of the mineralized tissue.

77
Q

What does anesthesia and US do together to harm the patient?

A

Anesthesia forms free radicals and US amplifies the tissue damage through mechanical effects.

78
Q

DDX for this?

A

Feline hippocampus necrosis****

Seizure activity

Metobolic or toxin

79
Q

Schmied et al: MRI of Feline Hippocampal necrosis: What is the difference between hippocampal necrosis and seizures when looking at MRI characteristics?

A

Seizure induced changes commonly DO NOT contrast enhance.

Both can be T2 hyper and T1 hypo - indicating necrosis.

80
Q

What is this artifact?

A

Ring-down

It made by water being trapped inbetween 4 air bubbles (tetrahedron).

Looks like reverberation (comet tails) but is not.

81
Q

The kidney cortex is what echogenicity to the liver?

A

Iso but more often slightly hyperechoic in dogs.

82
Q

What are the US characteristics of a wooden FB?

A

Linear

Shadowing

83
Q

What are the MRI/CT characteristics of a wooden FB

A

T1/T2 hypointense

Hypoattenuating

84
Q

What is the most accurate modalityfor looking for wooden foreign bodies in the metacarpal pad region?

A

CT and then MRI

US was not good cause of acoustic shadowing of the metacarpal pad.

85
Q

Cannon et al: US iliopsoasm: Where does the psoas major originate from? Iliacus?

A

L2-L3

Ventral surface of the ilium

86
Q

Cannon et al: US iliopsoasm: What nerves innovate the iliopsoas m?

A

Lumbar nerves

Femoral n.

87
Q

Cannon et al: US iliopsoasm: Where does the iliopsoas insert?

A

The lesser trochanter on the MEDIAL aspest of the femur several centimeters distal to the coxofemoral joints.

88
Q

Cannon et al: US iliopsoasm: What are the clinical signs of iliopsoas injury?

A

Extension of the hind legs

Internal rotation of the hind leg

palpation of the iliopsoas

89
Q

Why is the medial meniscus more often affected during CLL injury?

A

It is compressed during cranial tibial translation

See pic for injury

90
Q

What is the normal MRI anatomy of the menisci was what ? What is a sign of degeneration?

A

Triangular and uniformly low signal on T1

Degeneration = heterogeneous signal

91
Q

What sequence allows the best visualization of MRI tears?

A

PD

92
Q

What must one be aware of when interrupting tears in the mensi?

A

Chronic/healing menisci can look like a tear 6 months after injury.

93
Q

What is the sensitivity/specificity for diagnosiing meniscal tears in dogs?

A

Sensitivity: 100%

Spec: 94%

94
Q

Felgel et al: Pug encephalitis on MRI: What are the MRI characteristics of pug encephalitis?

A

Irregularly dilated lateral ventricles

Entir cortex of both hemispheres effected by T2 hyper and T1 Hypo (not seen in brainstem or cerebellum)

Slight contrast enhancement

Blurring of the gray and white matter distiniction

95
Q

Burns et al: Retropharyngeal LN size; Regardless of body size and age what is the max ad avg retro LN size?

A

Average: 1.0 W x 0.5 H x 2.5 L in cm

Biggest: 2.0 W x 1.0 H and 5 L in cm

Anything that creates a 0.4cm change in size is probably real and not artifact secondary to measuring error

96
Q

Falzone et al: CE FLAIR vs CE SE T1; which one produced the most sensitivity in number of lesions?

A

CE FLAIR.

97
Q

Falzone et al: CE FLAIR vs CE SE T1; Which one saw better margination or enhancement pattens?

A

They were the same… so the FLAIR is just better at detecting more lesion

98
Q

Chai et al: Spirocerca MRI: Where wer the lesions located and what did they look like?

A

INTRAMEDULLARY LESION

focal T2 hyperintensity with focal enhancement.

99
Q

Guilherme et al: US of branchial plexus: Where does the brachial plexus originate from?

A

C6-T2.. sometimes C5

100
Q

Guilherme et al: US of branchial plexus: What do nerves look like on ultrasound?

A

Hypoechoic linear (perineurium) structures surrounded by a hyperechoic rim (epineurium).

101
Q

Guilherme et al: US of branchial plexus: Where are the musculocutaneous, median and ulnar nerves found compared to the radial?

A

The three n are found along the medial aspect of the mid-humerus

The radial is found along the mediocaudal aspect of the humerus.

102
Q

Hecht et al: Diuretic renal scintigraphy in normal cats: what is diurectic renal scintigraphy?

A

It is when you give a diurectic to a patient and do renal scintigraphy. You do this if the ureters are enlarged or to increase the timing of the procedure.

103
Q

Hecht et al: Diuretic renal scintigraphy in normal cats: what was the difference between the normal scintigraphy and diurectic scintigraphy when it comes to measurements?

A

Significatly lower percentage of max activity at the end of the study in the diurectic

The half time of the study was significantly shorter in the diurectic.

Otherwise the GFR calculations were similar.

104
Q

Trevisan et al: 99mTc-Dextran in mammary lymphoscintigraphy; Where did the thoracic mammary glands drain? Abdomen?

A

Thorax: Sternal and axillary - some to the superficial cervical

Abdomen: Axillary, inguinal, medial iliac - one was to the mediastinum and superficial cervical

Inguinal: Inguinal and medial iliac.

105
Q

What is this in young cheetahs and why does it happen?

A

This is OCD of the ulnar metaphysis.

They think it happens due to excessive calcium or it is familia.

Looks like a retained cartilageous core.

106
Q

Where does the suprascapulais attach?

A

Greater tubercle.

107
Q

Where does the infraspinatus attach?

A

The lateral aspect of the greater tubercle

108
Q

Where does the subscapularis insert?

A

The medial aspect of the humerus at the lesser tubercle.

109
Q

Where does the teres minor insert?

A

On the teres tubercle of the humerus just distal to the infraspinatus tendon.

110
Q

What improves the conspicuousness of the medial capsuloligamentous structures on MRI?

A

Extending the limb.

111
Q

Caceres et al: Normal feline ranl vasculature on dual-phase CT: What kidney had the most multiplicity of the renal vasculature and what was it?

A

The RIGHT renal VEIN.

13x more likely than the left to have multiple renal veins!

Left had more renal arteries! 8x more likely.

112
Q

What side of the cow is the rumen on?

A

Left

113
Q

Where do you scan the omasum (the third compartment)?

A

right ventral side at the level of the 8-9th rib.

114
Q

Why do you scan an omasum?

A

Omasal impaction.

115
Q

Smith et al: Magic angle effect in standing MRI; Can you see the magic angle effect in the oblique sesamoidean liganments and collateral ligs of the distal interphalangeal joint on standing MRI?

A

Yes you can if the horse is off laterally. 0.4.8 and 12º was used.

FSE sequeces with TE (72ms) reduced this!

116
Q

Smith et al: Magic angle effect in standing MRI; What degree from Bº is the magic angle seen?

A

55º

The collagen tissue restricts motion and thus shortens T2… thus why ligaments are hypointense

However, at the magic angle T2 is slowed and enlongated.

Best seen in sequence with short TE.. SE or GRE.

117
Q

The distal sesamoidean ligament function as what?

A

The continuation or extension of the interosseous or suspensory ligament.

118
Q

What are the distal sesamoidean ligaments and where do they attach?

A

Straight sesamoidean: Attaches to the scutum on the prox aspect of P2

Oblique: palmar aspect of prox P1

Cruciate and short: Prox aspec of prox P1

119
Q

What oblique sesamoidean ligament is commonly larger and higher intensity than the other?

A

Lateral was consistently bigger.

120
Q

Which condyle off the 3rd metacarpal bone and prox. sesamoid bone is usually larger?

A

Medial is usually larger.

121
Q

Where are the majority of staight sesamoidean desmitis injuries?

A

Distal portion.

122
Q

What percentage of injuries were not noted on US that were noted on MRI in the distal sesamoidean ligaments?

A

80%

123
Q

What commonly happened in the straight sesamoidean ligament when it was injuried?

A

It got bigger. Not necessarily got more intense.

124
Q

Why is there no periosteal reaction with these turtles with osteomyelitis secondary to cold shock?

A

Turtles are SLOW.. think reptiles dude.

125
Q

What is the amount of sand that generally is needed to cause problems in a horse?

A

>20kg

126
Q

Where is US most limited in detecting wooden foreign bodies?

A

Metacarpal pad due to the shadowing surface.

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