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VRU 2011 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the six shunts identified in the Nelson paper describing portosystemic shunt anatomy?

A
  1. Splenocaval
  2. Splenoazygos
  3. Splenophrenic
  4. Right gastric-caval
  5. Right gastric caval with a caudal shunt loop
  6. Right gastric - azygos with a caudal shunt loop
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2
Q

What was the most common shunt identified in the Nelson paper describing portosystemic shunt anatomy?

A

Splenoazygos Overall splenic are the most common

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3
Q

What made up the caudal shunt loop when discussing the right gastric caval or azgos shunts with a caudal shunt loop?

A

Shunt from the splenic

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4
Q

Right gastric caval shunt comes from what vein?

A

Right gastroduodenal or portal as this is where the right gastric can arise from.

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5
Q

Right gastric can have a tributary of what major vein?

A

Splenic

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6
Q

Where is the typical normal insertion of the “portocaval” shunt?

A

Immediately caudal to the liver at the level of the right kidney just cranial to the phrenicoabdominal vein.

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7
Q

Carrera et al: What MRI signs were seen in all dogs with discospondylitis?

A
  1. T1 hypointense endplates 2. STIR hyperintense 3. Contrast enhanced endplates and paravertebral tissues
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8
Q

Carrera et al: What MRI signs were seen in most dogs with discospondylitis?

A
  1. Hyperintense T2 disc with enhancement 2. Endplate erosion 3. Epidural extension 4. Spinal cord compression
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9
Q

Dvir et al: What was the appearance of the tympanic bulla on MRI that was affected with chronic otitis media?

A

Laminated appearance of T2 high and low intensities…. Hypointense lines likely fibrotic tissue.

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10
Q

Drost et al: When was the only statistically significant change in global renal function after unilateral ultrasound guided renal biopsy?

A

1 day following the renal biopsy.

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11
Q

Kamolpatana et al: what was the formula for the volume of the prostate?

A

= 1/2.6 (LxWxD) + 1.8

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12
Q

What modality is the best for bony changes in the navicular bone?

A

CT

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13
Q

Russo et al: what signs had the highest PPV for rhinitis on radiographs?

A
  1. Absence of frontal sinus lesions 2. Lucent foci in nasal cavity
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14
Q

Russo et al: what signs had the highest PPV for neoplasia on radiographs?

A

Invasion of surrounding bone.

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15
Q

Reichle et al: What are the three most common CT findings for dogs with cubital joint lameness?

A
  1. Abnormal shape or sclerosis of the media coronoid process 2. Irregularity of the radial incisure of the ulna 3. Ulnar trochlear notch sclerosis
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16
Q

What other species is know for having incomplete humeral condyle ossification besides spaniels?

A

Vietnamese pot-bellied pigs.

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17
Q

The majority of kidneys with a medullary rim sign had no evidence of what?

A

Renal disease (56%)

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18
Q

What are the two windows used to US the basilar a and middle cerebral a?

A

Transtemporal - Middle cerebral a

Suboccipital - Basilar a

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19
Q

What were the two abnormal wave forms that were noted on dogs in cardiac arrest in the basilar and cranial cerebral a on US?

A

To and fro

Dyastolic no flow

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20
Q

Lofstedt et al: To estimate the acutal size of a sphere-like structure using transrectal US what is the recommended calculation?

A

diameter3

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21
Q

Uhlhorn et al: Uptake of 99mTc-HDP is seen to increase until what age in standardbred racehorses at the distal radial physis?

A

20 wk and then slowly declines until closure at 24-32 months.

There can be mild increase in uptake at the distal radial physeal line for up to 10-12 months after closure with no clinical significance.

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22
Q

Trevail et al: What length of L5:max colon diameter ratios are a strong indicator for a normal colon and a good indicator for megacolon?

A

<1.3 is a strong indicator of normal (96% sensitive and 87% specific)

>1.5 is a good indicator of megacolon (77% sensitive and 85% specific)

In between is considered distended.

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23
Q

What is the most repeatable ratio of L5 to colon in cats?

A

Length of L5:max diameter of colon

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24
Q

Using a T2 sagital image to correctly identify sites of compression was seen in what perrcentage of cases in the study by Gallach et al?

A

90-95%

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25
Q

Where in the spine was the highest correct localization of compressive disc herniation seen on T2W sagittal images?

A

Cervical region - this was increased with a HASTE image.

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26
Q

What was the most common cause for disagreement in the Gallach et al paper about the reliability of T2W sagittal MRI for determining the location of compressive discs?

A

Multiple bulging disc

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27
Q

What are the recommendation that came out of Gallach et al paper about the reliability of T2W sag MRI for determining the location of compressive discs?

A
  1. Obtain transverse images across the entire segment when multiple bulging discs are present
  2. Obtain trnsverse images across the spaces immediately adjacent to suspected site of herniation
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28
Q

Cervera et al; MRI gliomas vs CVA in dogs, Where were gliomas commonly located compared to CVAs?

A

Gliomas - Cerebrum (76%)

CVA - Cerebellum, thalamus, caudate nucleus, midbrain and brain stem (76%)

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29
Q

Cervera et al; MRI gliomas vs CVA in dogs, what was significantly different about the size of gliomas vs CVA?

A

Gliomas were bigger

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30
Q

Cervera et al; MRI gliomas vs CVA in dogs, perilesional edema and mass effect were more common in what etiology?

A

Gliomas

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31
Q

Cervera et al; MRI gliomas vs CVA in dogs, were CVA more likely to be misdiagnosed as a glioma or a glioma as a CVA?

A

CVAs were more likely to be misdiagnosed as gliomas

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32
Q

Cervera et al; MRI gliomas vs CVA in dogs, what improved accuracy of diagnosis with both lesions?

A

DWI

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33
Q

Cervera et al; MRI gliomas vs CVA in dogs, most common place for a glioma?

A

Cerebrum and diencephalon.

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34
Q

Cervera et al; MRI gliomas vs CVA in dogs, when is the majority of contrast enhancement seen in a CVA?

A

24-48 hr

1-8 weeks

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35
Q

Cervera et al; MRI gliomas vs CVA in dogs, what arteries perfuse the thalamus?

A

Small caudal perforating arteries… commonly only have a lacunar infarct so small

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36
Q

Cervera et al; MRI gliomas vs CVA in dogs, what was the common shape for a CVA?

A

round/oval

Only 19% were wedge

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37
Q

Suran et al: CE extradural material on MRI, the percentage of CE material, meninges or both?

A

Material = 51.5%

Meninges = 40%

Both = 17.2%

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38
Q

Suran et al: CE extradural material on MRI, what was most CE, extrusions or protrusions?

A

Extrusions - statisical difference.

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39
Q

Suran et al: CE extradural material on MRI, intrameduallary hyperintensity was associated with what?

A

More severe neurologic deficits

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40
Q

Suran et al: CE extradural material on MRI, enhancement of extradural material was not related to what?

A

NOT RELATED TO CLINICAL SIGNS.. it just happens

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41
Q

Mateo et al: MRI finding disc extrusion accompanied by epidural hemorrhage/inflammation, eipdural hemorrhage or inflammation is more common where in the spine?

A

Caudal lumbar

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42
Q

Mateo et al: MRI finding disc extrusion accompanied by epidural hemorrhage/inflammation, prognosis between discs with epidural hemorrhage vs disc without differed how?

A

It did not differ.

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43
Q

Mateo et al: MRI finding disc extrusion accompanied by epidural hemorrhage/inflammation, what are MRI features of hematoma in the epidural space?

A

T1 mixed intensity or hyperintensity

Peripheral CE

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44
Q

Huggons et al: Radiography and CT in nonneoplastic equine mandibular disease, most common etiology?

A

tooth root abscess

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45
Q

Easley et al: MRI septic arthritis: What is the main sign of septic arthritis?

A

Hyperintensity on STIR and T2 of the synovium and bone (100%)

Synovial thickening. (93%)

Bony sclerosis (hypointense in all)

Bony edema

Synovial enhancement (4/5)

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46
Q

Easley et al: MRI septic arthritis: Is bony changes commonly seen on radiographs with septic arthritis?

A

Not always - 2 weeks and 50% of the bone must be gone.

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47
Q

Easley et al: MRI septic arthritis: What was contrast good for in cases of septic arthritis?

A

Surgical planning… what is necrotic that needs to go will not contrast enhance

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48
Q

Posch et al: MRI of acromegalic cats: What is the common cause of acromegaly in cats?

A

Functional pituitary adenoma

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49
Q

Posch et al: MRI off acromegalic cats: The mass effect of these tumors common effect what?

A

Cavernous sinus

Third ventricle

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50
Q

Posch et al: MRI off acromegalic cats: What type of T1/T2 and contrast pattern was noted?

A

Non-uniform and non-characteristic.

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51
Q

Posch et al: MRI off acromegalic cats: What type of soft tissue changes are noted with acromegaly cats?

A

Oropharyngeal soft tissues - Brachycephalic syndrome

Arthropathy

Hepatomegaly

Renomegaly

Cardiomegaly

Adrenomegaly

Pancreatic enlargement

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52
Q

Posch et al: MRI off acromegalic cats: Mean height and width of the adenomas?

A
  1. 5cm height
  2. 5cm width
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53
Q

Drees et al: CT coronary arteries in dogs; What were the common artifacts seen?

A

Blur (98%)

Motion (18%)

Stair step (6%)

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54
Q

Drees et al: CT coronary arteries in dogs; Did esmolol lead to a reduced target heart rate of 60-65bpm? Did nitroprusside effect the visualization fo the coronary arteries?

A

No.

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55
Q

Drees et al: CT coronary arteries in dogs; What branch of a normal dog supplies the paraconal coronary artery and the subsinusoidal coronary artery?

A

The left coronary artery usually does.

Most coronary abnormalities are the abscence of the left and the right takes over all responsibilities.

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56
Q

Pees et al: CT of snake lungs: What does normal snake lungs look like?

A

Single central lumen that leads to the nonrespiratory air sac.

respiratory is composed of faveoli around the air-conductin center.

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57
Q

Carrera et al: MRI discospondylitis in dogs: What are the common MRI findings of the discospondylitis?

A

T1 hypointense and STIR hyperintense end-plates

Contrast enhancement

  • Disc, bodies, paravertebral ST and epidural space
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58
Q

Carrera et al: MRI discospondylitis in dogs: What was related to errosions?

A

T2 hypointensity.

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59
Q

Spector et al: CT intrapelvic masses dog; What was the only significant characteristic between benign and malignant masses in this study?

A

Postcontrast internal heterogeneity of the mass consistent with necrosis

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60
Q

Spector et al: CT intrapelvic masses dog; What was the consistent characteristics of a leiomyoma?

A

Homogenous, mildly contrast enhancing

Associated with dorsal colonic smooth muscle

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61
Q

Sutherland et al: MRI ADC of intracranial lesion in dogs: What are the etiologies were found with restricted diffusion?

A

Infarct

Meningomas

Gliomas

GME

SO can’t differentiate.

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62
Q

Marolf et al: CT pulmonary neoplasia dogs; CT appearance of primary lung tumors?

A

Solitary

Well circumscribed

Bronchocentric

Internal air bronchograms

**Can have mineralization, heterogeneous CE, and TB lymphadenopathy**

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63
Q

Posch et al: MRI findings acromegalic cats; What hormone excess is attibuted to acromegalic cats?

A

Insulin-like growth factor - 1 (IGF-1)

From a functional pituitary adenoma

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64
Q

Posch et al: MRI findings acromegalic cats; What organs can see enlargement with acromegaly?

A

Oropharyngeal soft tissue

Hepatomegaly

Renomegaly

Cardiomegaly

Pancreatic enlargement

Degenerative arthropathy

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65
Q

Posch et al: MRI findings acromegalic cats; What was the MRI findings of the pituitary mass in cats with acromegaly?

A

Heterogeneous contrast enhancement - all or rim enhancement

Enlarged (suprasellar extension) with perilesional edema

Infrasellar extension - into the sphenoid bone

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66
Q

Anjou et al: Renal pelvic dilatation; There was clinical significance between what etiologies with renal pelvic dilation?

A

Significantly increases from normal

To

renal insufficiency

Pyelonephritis

Outflow obstruction

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67
Q

Anjou et al: Renal pelvic dilatation; What is the range for normal cats and dogs for renal pelvic dilation?

A

Dogs: 1.0 - 3.8mm

Cats: 0.8-3.2mm

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68
Q

Vite et al: Correlating MRI findings with neuropathy: Common signs that can distinguish meningioma from nerve sheath tumor or round cell neoplasm?

A

Signal voids - mineralization

Hyperostosis of overlying bone

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69
Q

Vite et al: Correlating MRI findings with neuropathy: How to separate necrotizing encephalitis from GME?

A

Both multifocal

  1. Necrotizing
    - Loss of parenchyma
    - Prosencephalon (frontal lobe and thalamus) - spares caudal fossa
  2. GME
    - Can be anywhere
    - No loss of parenchyma
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70
Q

Vite et al: Correlating MRI findings with neuropathy: How to separate globiod cell leukodystrophy from other white matter disease of immature dogs (distemper)?

A

Globiod cell leukodystrophy is symmetrical in only the white matter tracts.

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71
Q

DDX?

A

Intra-axial mass

Glioma vs Infarct vs abscess

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72
Q

What are the important “roentogen signs” needed to be discussed?

A

Intensity

Contrast enhancing

Intra/extra axial

Mass effect

extent of brain edema

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73
Q

Primary intracranial lymphoma is most commonly associated with what structures?

A

Thalamic

Hypothalamic

Sellar

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74
Q

Secondary intracranial lymphoma is most commonly associated with what structures?

A

Disseminated in the meninges

Choroid plexus

Multiple CNs

Pituitary gland

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75
Q

Where do pituitary mass usually originate from? What are the signs of an abnormal pituitary gland?

A

Adrenohypophysis.

Normal pituitary gland usually does not extend dorsally of the sella

Normal pituitary gland should not be dorsally convex

Normal pituitary gland is around 5mm for all dogs

Microadenomas commonly cause dorsal and lateral displacement of the neurohypophysis (T1 hyperintense pre-contrast)

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76
Q

Besides adenomas and adenocarcinomas, what are other sellar region tumors?

A

Lymphoma (primary and mets)

Meningioma

Ependymoma

Craniopharyngiomas (neurohypophysis)

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77
Q

Most commonly metastatic intracranial neoplasms?

A

Hemangiosarcoma

Carcinomas

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78
Q

Contraindications for spinal MRI?

A

Pacemaker

Metal close to FOV

Previous surgery

Implants (titanium is usually fine)

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79
Q

What is a phased-array spine coil?

A

Multiple small coils that make a large FOV

Reduces noise.

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80
Q

What is the recommended sequences for spinal MRI?

A

T2 dorsal

T2 sag

T2 Trans

Pre-Postcontrast T1W

If nothing Fat suppresion through the dorsal plane of corresponding ST to see if there is pathology outside the spine

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81
Q

What sequence provides more accurate information about the severity and extent of extruded disc material?

A

T2W

NOT T1W or STIR

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82
Q

What is the problem with using STIR imaging post contrast?

A

It suppresses GADOLINIUM so you loose your contrast enhancement.

STIR also nulls fat, proteinaceous fluid, subacute hemorrhage.

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83
Q

Other lesions that can be seen on T2* GRE besides hemorrhage?

A

Mineralized disc

Bony infiltration (Hyperintense)

Gas

Foreign bodies

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84
Q

What can intrathecal gadolinium administration be used for?

A

Looking for dural tears associated with brachial plexus avulsion

See if cysts or diverticulums communicate

85
Q

What should the field of view of the spine be in large breed dogs on sagittal images? Transverse?

A

20-30cm sag

Just the surrounding tissues of the spinal cord.

86
Q

Where does CSF like to dissect in clinically relevant hydrocephalus?

A

Along the internal capsule between the lentiform and caudate nucleus (arrowhead) - Called a cleft

LOOK at the faint hyperintensity next to the right lateral ventricle consistent with Transependymal flow into the white matter

87
Q

What is the narrowest point of the ventricular system?

A

Mesencephalic aqueduct

Stenosis here can happen due to fusion of the rostral colliculi leading to hydrocephalus of the lateral and 3rd ventricle only.

88
Q

What is the difference between hydranencephaly and porencephaly?

A

Hydranencephaly = cerebrum is destroyed in utero and replaced with CSF

Porencephaly = is a CSF-filled cavity that communicates with the ventricular or subarachnoid space.

But secondary to injury, ischemia, toxin, infection.

89
Q

What is the prosencephalon? What is it made of?

A

Prosecephalon is the forebrain

Dividend into the telencephalon and diencephalon.

90
Q

What is holoprosencephalon? What are the three types?

A

Failure for the forebrain to bifurcate normally into two discrete cerebral hemispheres.

Alobar - Complete lack of separation

Semilobar - Just the rostral cerebral hemisphers fail to separate

Lobar - Just the most rostral and ventral portions fail to separate.

91
Q

What dog breeds is agensis of the corpus callosum most common?

A

Mini schauzers

Labs

92
Q

What is the thing that separates the two lateral ventricles of the brain?

A

Septum pellucidum

93
Q

What are secondary problems with hydrocephalus?

A

Hemorrhage

Rupture of septum pellucidum.

94
Q

What breed is lissencephaly common in?

What other malformation is common with lissencephaly?

A

Lhasa Apso

Cerebellar hypoplasia

95
Q

What breed is polymicrogyria most common?

A

Standard poodles

**Note the small gyri on the image and lack of coron radiata**

96
Q

What is the difference between meningoencephalocele vs meningocele?

What cat breed is this common in?

A

Brain and meninges involved

vs

Just meninges

Burmese Cats.

97
Q

What is the defect in the skull that allows the meningocele out?

A

Cranium bifidum

or

Cranioschisis

98
Q

Arachnoid diverticulum is commonly found where?

A

Rostrocerebellar (quadrigeminal cistern, fourth ventricle, third ventricle)

99
Q

Arachnoid diverticulum is commonly seen in what type of dog/cat?

A

Shih Tzu

Persian

100
Q

Where are epidermoid and dermoid cysts common located?

A

Caudal fossa (fourth ventricle)

101
Q

What is the difference in epidermoid cysts vs dermoid cysts vs arachnoid diverticulum when discussing MRI characteristics?

A

Arachnoid diverticulum - Will FLAIR out - CSF fluid.

Epidermoid cyst - Will not FLAIR out

Dermoid cyst - Hyperintense on both T1 and T2 and will STIR out - this is due to a large component of fat in the this cyst

102
Q

What is the difference between cerebellar hypoplasia and abiotrophy… MRI characteristics and pathophys?

A

Cerebellar hypoplasia - Marked reduction in size of cerebellum with increased volume of surrounding CSF - From birth

Abiotrophy - Normal cerebellum size with increased space between the folia due to loss of gray matter - older

103
Q

What are the ddx for intracranial vascular hamartoma?

A

Hematoma and hemorrhagic neoplasm.

104
Q

Does flipping the radiograph make it easier to find rib fractures?

A

Only for novice readers.

105
Q

What is the major advantage of a big magnet in MRI?

A

Thinner slices and high resolution are performed faster

106
Q

What is the point of a gradient coil?

A

Used in spatial identification

Slice selection

Phase encoding

Frequency encoding

107
Q

What is the slew rate?

A

How quickly the gradient coils can be cycled on and off.

Faster scans.

108
Q

What is the name of the coil used to pick up signal?

A

Radiofrequency pulse (RF) Coils

109
Q

Surface coils are commonly what type of coil?

A

Reciever only.

110
Q

Bandwidth or reciever bandwidth is what?

A

The range of FREQUENCIES that are sampled during the readout of the frequency gradient.

111
Q

What does decrease bandwidth do?

A

Increases SNR because it reduces noise

Though longer scan times are needed due needing more signal.

112
Q

What does increasing the turbo factor and what is it?

A

Turbo factor is the number of 180º refocusing pulses

Increasing turbo factor decreases scan time

If too much Turbo factor the TE has to be increased and therefore add T2W to the sequence which is bad for T1W and PD sequences

113
Q

What is the effect of the signal void on T2* that is bigger than the actual lesion called?

A

Blooming.

114
Q

What is the recommended sequences for the brain?

A

T1, T2, FLAIR, T2* trans

T2 sag

T1 trans, sag and dor post-contrast

115
Q

What effect image resolution and signal strength?

A

NEX

Matrix

Slice thickness

FOV

116
Q

Double NEX will increase SNR by how much?

A

Square root of 2… So very expensive time wise to increase this.

117
Q

Scan time is based off what?

A

TR x NEX x PE steps/Turbo factor

118
Q

The more slices will cause your TR to do what?

A

Increase.. you need more time to excite the slices.

119
Q

What is interleaving?

A

Exciting alternate slices to avoid cross talk.

120
Q

Pulsation artifact happens in what direction?

A

Phase direction

121
Q

Phase wrap happens in what direction?

A

Phase direction.

Usually from left to right.

122
Q

What can be done to reduce phase wrap?

A

Phase over sampling technique

Increase FOV

Increase phase encoding steps so unwanted anatomy is correctly encoded

123
Q

What sequence is useful for assessment of the inner ear?

A

Heavy T2W thin slic (1mm)

124
Q

What side effect can happen with gadolineum and kidneys?

A

Nephrogenic systemic fibrosis.

125
Q

What are the four types of magnetic susceptibility?

A

Diamagnetic - tissues

Paramagnetic - Gadolinium and hemoglobin

Superparamagnetic

Ferromagnetic - iron, nickle.

126
Q

Hecht et al: MRI susceptibility artifacts: How mand adverse effects were documented out of 754 MRI?

A

NONE

127
Q

Reuss et al: US characteristics of intraabdominal abcessation and lympadenopathy with rhodococcus in foals: Intraabdominal abscessation and lymphadenopathy served as what type of prognosis?

A

Bad one.

128
Q

Reuss et al: US characteristics of intraabdominal abcessation and lympadenopathy with rhodococcus in foals: Ultrasound consistently under or overestimated the size of the abscesses?

A

Under

129
Q

Millward et al: Popliteal lymphangiography of the canine thoracic duct; What was the only significant difference between popliteal and mesenteric lymphangiography?

A

Cross sectional area and mean HU of the largest branch.

130
Q

Millward et al: Popliteal lymphangiography of the canine thoracic duct; Which one required less time?

A

Popliteal (46% of the time it took for the other one)

131
Q

What is this? Dog that has diarrhea and vomitting.

A

Heterobilharzia… SUBMUCOSA infiltrate.

132
Q

Book et al: Correlation of US and Liver/Spleen aspirates in high grade Mast Cell tumors: What was the sensitivity of US when detecting MCT in the spleen and liver?

A

43% in the spleen

0% in the liver.

133
Q

Trevail et al: Radiographic diameter of the colon in normal and constipated cats: What is the ratio of colon:L5 that is strongly indicative of a normal colon? Megacolon?

A

<1.28 normal

<1.48 Mega

134
Q

MRI of collateral ligaments of the DIJ in horses: What is the normal central signal intensity at the level of P2 of the collateral ligaments?

What happens in the distal portion of these ligaments?

A

Mixed.. this is normal…no desmopathy.

magic angel so they will be hyperintense.

135
Q

Joslyn et al: MRI contrast of normal canine brain: Enhancement of normal contrast enhanced structures on MRI were more prominent at 1min after administration or 10min?

A

1 min… therefore immediate postcontrast is prefered.

136
Q

Joslyn et al: MRI contrast of normal canine brain: What structures of the brain commonly enhance?

A

pituitary gland

Choroid plexus

Meninges

Temporal muscle

Trigem n

Trigem n root.

137
Q

Makara et al: Effect of contrast medium injection on peak enhancement and time to peak enhancement: What was found in this study?

A

That injection speed has significant effect on;

peak enhancement (fast - the better enhancement)

time to peak enhancement (fast injection = fast time to peak enhancement)

Weight significantly affected (negatively) peak enhancement.

138
Q

Most CNS lymphoma is metastatic lesions from what? How can you tell in a MRI study whether lymphoma is metastatic vs primary CNS?

A

Multicentric lymphoma - most common.

If there is concurrent lymphoma

Metastatic = Meningeal involvement

Primary = Parenchymal involvement.

139
Q

Carlson et al: Starry sky hepatic US in horse: What did they find a starry sky appearance mean?

A

Histologically it showed fibrosing granulomas

Due to the lack of primary hepatic disease and lack of GGT elevation in most of the horses this is likely incidental.

140
Q

Selberg et al: Fractures of P3 in horses on MRI: Most fractures related to what structures? What was the abnormalities in the palmar process or ungual cartilages, and what was their conclusions?

A

Fossa of the collateral ligaments.

All palmar process and ugual cartilages were mineralized. This might mean that ossification of these structures may lead to fractures of P3.

141
Q

What is this structure on a male cat?

A

Os penis… see it in older cats - not pathologic

142
Q

Stadler et al: CT of primary laryngeal or tracheal obstruction: What are the CT findings of the laryngeal paralysis?

A

Arytenoid cartilage failure to abduct

narrowed rima glottis

Air- filled laryngeal ventricles.

143
Q

Fraga et al: US of babesiosis: What is the common US characteristics of babesia infection?

A

Diffuse heterogenous splenomegaly****

Hypoechoic hepatomegaly and hyperechoic renal cortex

144
Q

Taeymans et al: US of feline ielocecocolic; Most common US abnormalities and clinical signs

A

Enalrged cecal lymph nodes

Focal hyperechoic mesenteric fat

Thickened cecum.

145
Q

Young et al: MRI Features of intracranial gliomas: What are the common MRI findings with gliomas?

A

In the cerebrum and thalamus

Contact with the lateral ventricle

Associated with both grey and white matter

CANNOT tell the difference in glioma types

Contrast was related to high grade tumors.

146
Q

Thrall et al: Imaging dogs with suspected disc herniation: How did thrall rank the modalities that best suit imaging dogs with myelopathy?

A

MRI = 1st

CT myelography = 2nd - especially with nonchondrodystophoid dogs

CT shoudl be fine with chondrodystrophoid dogs

Myelogram is adequate when MR and CT are unavailable.

147
Q

What are the three ways to suppress fat on MRI?

A

STIR - T1 relaxation times of fats and water.

Phase imaging

Chemical fat saturation. - Precessional frequency differences in fat and water - good choice for post-contrast- Can be in other weighted images (only on) - eliminates chemical shift - can’t use it in low magnets

148
Q

Choi et al: Barium and carboxymethylcellulose enema: What is the advantage of carboxymethylecellulose over barium in an enema?

A

Carbo is anechoic material while barium is echogenic causing it to be hard to delineate the colonic walls with barium.

149
Q

Choi et al: Barium and carboxymethylcellulose enema: What was the dose for the enemas and the most optimal volume ratio?

A

30ml/kg dose

1 part barium to 3 parts carboxymethylcellulose

150
Q

What does this picture show?

A

Torn mensicus on a T2* which did well in dipicting these lesions

151
Q

What is this?

A

Orthotopic ureterocele - In the bladder

Ectopic ureteroceles are in the ureters or urethra (most common)

Females 3x more likely.

152
Q

Swarte et al: Comparison of US features of benign and neoplastic lymph nodes dog: What was the size of neoplastic lymph nodes (length, short-axis and SA/LA ratio) and was it significant?

A

Yes it was significant and the only thing that was! Not shape or echogenicity or adjacent mesentery.

  1. 5 SA/LA ratio
  2. 8 cm SA
  3. 5 cm LA
153
Q

Freire et al: Radiographic evaluation of feline DJD: Does radiographic changes corrrelate well with the histopath diagnosis of DJD in cats?

A

No… 71% of stifles were normal on radiographs but had histo evidence of DJD

50% of all other joints looked at.

154
Q

What can improve the conspicuity of the pancreatic duct on MRI imaging?

A

Secretin administration.

155
Q

Gallach et al: Reliability of T2W sag images in finding compressive discs in dogs: What is recommended from this paper pertaining to where to cut T2 transverses?

A

Obtain transverse images across the spaces immediately adjacent to the suspect site of herniation.

This is due to only 90% of accuracy finding the correct lesion on T2 sag

156
Q

What is the difference between DTI and DWI?

A

They both use brownian motion of water.

DTI uses at least six directions rath than DWI using three.

DTI gives you directional flow and therefore tractography.

157
Q

Sclerosis in this region along with cystic-like lesions have been associated with what?

A

Sagital fractures of P1 of the sagittal groove.

158
Q

CEUS in cats… what is the last layer to wash out?

A

Submucosa

159
Q

What is the minmum mgI/kg should be used for arterial enhancement of pulmonary arteries in dogs? When is the peak enhancement?

A

400mgI/kg

6-10s

160
Q

What carpal bone has the most variablitiy in shape and size?

A

ulnar carpal bone.

161
Q

How does the adrenal gland contrast enhance during SonoVue injection during US evaluation? What is the optimal timing for imaging the adrenals when using SonoVue?

A

Uniformaly and from the medulla outward to the cortex.

5-90s

162
Q

What are the differentials for an intracranial vascular lesion?

A

Hemangioma

Hemangiosarcoma

Hemorrhagic infarct (unilateral (carotid disease) vs bilateral)

Hamartoma

Hematoma

Glioma

Intravascular lymphoma

163
Q

What is the cutoff for Standard uptake values (SUV) of FDG for sarcoma vs carcinoma?

A

Above 10.6 is likely carcinoma

Below 7.6 is likely sarcoma.

164
Q

Sharma et al: US vs Rads for intestinal mechanical obstruction in dogs: Which modality had a great accuracy?

A

Ultrasound with 97%

rads had 70%

165
Q

Sharma et al: US vs Rads for intestinal mechanical obstruction in dogs: What was a useful measurement that should promt the thorough search for a cause of a small intestinal obstruction?

A

Dilatation off the jejunum >1.5cm

166
Q

Differentials of this lesion?

A

Myxoma

Myxosarcoma

Spinal articular cysts (gangilon vs synovial) - this is not a good choic for this lesion due to its infiltrative nature.

167
Q

What is the artifact in A and B and how can you correct for in as seen in C and D?

A

A and B = Pulsitile artifact showing T2 hyperintensity in the cord. (in the phase direction)

Change phase direction

Add flow compensation

This was seen commonly at C3-C5 in this study.

168
Q

Kim et al: Mesenteric LN injection with ioxhexol for thoracic duct CT lymphogram in cats; What was the dose that was used?

A

450mgI (1.5ml)

169
Q

Kim et al: Mesenteric LN injection with ioxhexol for thoracic duct CT lymphogram in cats: Where was the thoracic duct and cistern chyli commonly found?

A

Ventral and to the LEFT of the vertebrae at the level of Cranial lumbar to caudal cervical vert.

170
Q

What are the four forms intracranial cryptococcous in humans?

A

Solid mass

Numerous tiny gelatinous pseudocysts in the basal nuclei and midbrain

Miliary enhancing parenchyma with leptomeningeal nodules

Combo of all three.

171
Q

What intensity can a cryptoccus mass be on MRI on T2 sequences?

A

T2 isointense due to mucin pseudocysts that are seen on histopath but not MRI.

172
Q

Dennler et al: Thoracic CT findings of dogs with angiostrongylus vasorum: What is the other name for a. vasorum?

A

French heartworm

173
Q

Dennler et al: Thoracic CT findings of dogs with angiostrongylus vasorum: Where to a. vasorum live?

A

Pulmonary arteries and right heart

174
Q

Dennler et al: Thoracic CT findings of dogs with angiostrongylus vasorum: What are the main CT abnormalities seen on CT?

A

Multiple nodules

Alveolar pattern

Lymphadenopathy

Interstitatial pattern (ground-glass, subpleural interstitial thickening, subpleural lines, interface sign)

Arterial thrombus.

175
Q

Mateo et al: MRI characteristics of canine disc extrusion and epidural hemorrhage: What is a common feature of disc extrusion not asscoiated with hemorrhage or inflammation?

A

T2- hypointense extradural mass

176
Q

Mateo et al: MRI characteristics of canine disc extrusion and epidural hemorrhage: Where are most disc extrusion that are accompanied by epidural hemorrhage located?

A

Caudal aspect of the lumbar spine.

177
Q

Mateo et al: MRI characteristics of canine disc extrusion and epidural hemorrhage: What is the clinical outcomes of canine disc extrusions accompanied with epidural hemorrhage?

A

Same as a regular disc.

178
Q

Mateo et al: MRI characteristics of canine disc extrusion and epidural hemorrhage: What was the MRI characteristics of disc extrusion accompanied by epidural hemorrhage?

A

Varied widely.

But T1 hyperintensity was common (rule out fat with a STIR or chemical suppression)

10/46 the exact location of the disc could not be idendified.

179
Q

Watson et al: Safety and correlation of US FNA (22g) and 18g Tru-Cut biospy of the dog spleen: What was the % of cases that histopath and cytopath agreed on the diagnoses?

A

50% of the time only.

Both were obtained safely.

180
Q

Gastric pneumatosis is classified into what two groups? How can you tell the difference between the two?

A

Gastric emphysema - Random finding (vomiting, trauma) -linear streaks

Emphysematous gastritis - BAD shit. - Bacteria involved (fever and pain) - Usually cystic radiolucencies in the wall

Once intramural air is confirmed, emphasis should be placed on identifying the underlying disease. (necrosis, FB,

181
Q

What the metastatic rate for pheochromocytomas and where do they go?

A

12%

Lymph nodes mostly

Though everywhere was seen including CNS (brain and spinal cord)

182
Q

A hyperintense lesion on T2, PD and STIR that has a hypointense rim is indicative of what?

A

Osteomyeolitis

***THIS IS THE MOST COMMON OSSEOUS ABNORMALITY in foals with infectious arthritis.

Hyperintensity is have inflammation while the hypointense rim is sclerosis or necrosis.

183
Q

Ngosuwan et al: CE of extradural compressive material on MRI; What percentage of extradural material contrast enhanced and what percentage of the meninges enhanced?

A

50% - extradural material enhanced

40% - Meninges enhanced

184
Q

Ngosuwan et al: CE of extradural compressive material on MRI; CE of extradural material was more asscoiated with protrusions or extrusions?

A

Extrusions

185
Q

Ngosuwan et al: CE of extradural compressive material on MRI; Intramedullary T2 hyperintensities were associated with what?

A

More severe neurologic deficits

186
Q

Taeymans et al: CEUS of benign and malignant focal splenic lesions: What was seen in all malignant splenic nodules and in none of the benign lesions?

How sensitivity, specific and accurate was early washin in and washout times, or persistant hypoperfusion?

A

Tortuous and persistently visible feeding vessels.

They weren’t.. Hypoperfusion was more specific for malignancy but sensitivity was terrible.

187
Q

Michele et al: CT of the pharynx closed vs open mouth: What does opening the mouth effect when looking at the visibilty of the pharynx?

A

Increases the visibility of the pharyngeal structures

Significantly increase the volume of the air-filled nasopharynx— important with looking for nasopharyngeal stenosis and measuring for stents.

188
Q

Zimmerman et al: Radiographic and scintigraphy changes in horse with TL pain: Where were the most common lesions on both radiographs and scintigraphy?

A

T14- T17

189
Q

Zimmerman et al: Radiographic and scintigraphy changes in horse with TL pain: What breed and age had more spinous lesions?

A

Thoroughbreds and older horses

190
Q

Zimmerman et al: Radiographic and scintigraphy changes in horse with TL pain: What are the radiographic changes associated with TL lesions?

A
  1. Increase sclerosis of the rim of the spinous process
  2. Radiolucent foci (one or more, and size matters)
  3. Interspinous space (4mm is normal)
  4. Modeling of the dorsal/cranial aspect of the spinous process
191
Q

Zimmerman et al: Radiographic and scintigraphy changes in horse with TL pain: Is there a positive relationship between the severity of radiographic findings and intensity of IRU?

A

Yes there was.

192
Q

What clinical signs are noted with dogs that have caudal intervertebral disc herniation?

A
  1. Caudal vertebral pain
  2. Pain with tail manipulation
  3. Pain during defecation
  4. Abnormal tail carriage
193
Q

Kuhn et al: Rads and US of the patella lig post TTA: A larger cage size was associated with what? At what times?

A

More severe thickening on rads and US

Six and 16 weeks post TTA

194
Q

Urraca et al: What size of metal particles could be seen on rads in pre-screeing for metallic particles in the equine foot?

A

>1mm

195
Q

Laurenson et al: Intestinal mast cell tumor US: What is a common appearance of MCT in a feline intestine?

A

Asymmetric

Eccentric

Hypoechoic

Muscularis and submucosal lay

Altered wall layering rather that loss

196
Q

Laurenson et al: Intestinal mast cell tumor US: How many cats had mets with intestinal MCT?

A

70%

197
Q

Singh et al: Contrast media enhancement in brain lesions and histopath: What was the striking finding in this case?

A

10 areas of necrosis had contrast enhancement

5 areas without central necrosis had ring enhancement

Therefore - enhancement does not rule out necrosis.

198
Q

What are the most common lobes to be affected by congenital lobar emphysema in a dog?

A

Right middle

Left Cranial

199
Q

What is congenital lobar emphysema most likely caused by?

A

Bronchial cartilage abnormalities and collapse… causing air trapping.

200
Q

What are differentials for a enlarged, hyperlucent lung lobe on rads?

A

Partial torsion

Extraluminal compession of the bronchi

Intraluminal FB

Bullous emphysema

Congenital lobar emphysema

201
Q

WHAT IS THE NORMAL HU of the lungs of a dog at 15mmHg?

A

-846 HU mean

202
Q

What are the most common reactions of horses when administering intraarterial ionic iodinated contrast?

A

9% reaction

Skin reponse

Heart rate and blood pressure elevation.

203
Q

Maher et al: Positive contrast magnetic resonance bursography: What amount of contrast is need in the navicular bursa to distend the proxima recess, or separate the collaterals of the sesamoid from the DDF, or separate the navicular bone from the DDFT?

A

2ml - distend the bursa

4ml - to separate the DDFT and the collaterals

6ml - to separate the navicular bone and DDFT

204
Q

US findings in horses with foot pain and no radiographic osseous lesions: What was the main cause?

A

30/37 - DDFT

27/37 - Distal interphalangeal joint with collateral lig abnormaltiies

22/37 - Navicular (podotrochlear) bursa

8/37 - navicular flexor surface

205
Q

Wisner et al: MRI of canine intracranial tumors: What feature was common in oligodendrogliomas?

A

Central mucinous content.

206
Q

Young et al: MRI characteristic of gliomas in dogs: What was found most commonly in higher grade tumors?

A

Contrast enhancement

207
Q

Young et al: MRI characteristic of gliomas in dogs: What type had the most contact with the brain surface?

A

Oligodendrogliomas

208
Q

Young et al: MRI characteristic of gliomas in dogs: What was the most common finding in both types?

A

Contact with the lateral ventricle.

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