Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Practical Nutrition > Vitamins > Flashcards

Vitamins Flashcards

1
Q

minerals are ____ and vitamins are ____

organic or inorganic?

A

minerals- inorganic

vitamins- organic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

list the fat soluble vitamins

A

A,D,E,K

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

list water soluble vitamins

A

B,C

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

how often we need fat soluble vs. water soluble vitamins

A

fat- stored in our bodies (may be toxic)

water- daily (not stored, seldom toxic)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what vitamin A is needed for

A

vision, bone/teeth (osteoclast function), epithelial cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what are osteoclasts and osteoblasts

A

clasts- break down bone

blasts- build up bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

list the vitamin A precursors and where they are found

A

carotenoids (like betacarotene)- pigments in yellow/orange fruits/vegs
lycopene- found in tomatoes/blueberries (is converted to betacarotene)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

where in body betacarotene is converted to vitamin A? what animals cannot do this and have to eat straight vitamin A?

A

small intestine and liver, not cats or box turtles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

why carotenoids and lycopenes are not toxic, but vitamin A itself can be

A

carotenoids and lycopenes= water soluble (excreted)

vitamin A- fat soluble (stored)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

vitamin A deficiencies can cause

A

blindness, dry eyes (xeropthlamia), reproduction problems (epithelial cells of uterus), resp problems (epithelial cells), growth disorders (osteoclasts), skin problems (epithelial cells)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

vitamin A excess can cause

A

liver damage (stored), enlarged joints, fetal abnormalities/still birth, cervical spondylosis (“bone spurs”)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

the sunshine vitamin

A

vitamin D

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

2 active forms of vitamin D

A

D-2 (precursor= ergosterol in plant material)+gut enzymes=active form
D-3 (precursor= 7 dehydrocholesterol in skin) + UV light= active form

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what species can only use the D-3 form of vitamin D

A

reptiles and birds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

vitamin D is linked to the absorption of

A

Ca and P

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

deficient vitamin D can cause

A

same as Ca and P
osteoporosis, nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism, ricketts in young, hypocalcemia
(possible also cancers)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

why cola is thought to lower bone density and increase risk of osteoporosis

A

often have much P, change the Ca:P ration from 2:1 to 1:2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

vitamin E is also called

A

alpha tocopherol or tocopherol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what vitamin E is needed for

A

fertility (males esp.), stress, works w selenium as an antioxidant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what vitamin K is needed for

A

needed to make prothrombin for clotting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

where vitamin K is made

A

bacteria in intestinal tract, from plants, or is made artifically

22
Q

circumstances in which we would suppliment vitamin K

A

on long term anitbiotics (mat kill gut bacteria that make it), long term diarrhea (wash out bacteria or vitamin K being made), in birds (short GI tract, little time for absorption), if eat rat poison (warfarin ties up vitamin K)

23
Q

what to do in event of animal eating rat poison

A

induce vomiting or if too late supplement vitamin K for 3-4 weeks

24
Q

where are B-complex vitamins made

A

bacteria in LI (rumen in ruminants, cecum in horses)

25
Q

what B-complex vitamins are needed for

A

energy metabolism, cofactors and coenzymes of energy metabolism, stress increases need

26
Q

what causes vitamin B-Complex deficiencies

A

long term antibiotic use or diarrhea (washed out vitamins or kills bacteria that make)

27
Q

when to supplement B-1 (thiamine)

A

animal is fed raw fish (contains thiaminase), or has coccidiosis (intestinal parasite, uses up thiamine)

28
Q

vitamin B-1 is also known as

A

thiamine

29
Q

vitamin B-2 is also known as

A

Riboflavin

30
Q

signs of B-1 (thiamine) deficiency

A

affects brain; nervous system signs like polioencephalomalacia (aka opisthotonus/ stargazing)

31
Q

what B-2 (Riboflavin) is needed for

deficiency causes what

A

needed to break down fats

deficiency= glossitis (inflamation of tongue) or dermatitis

32
Q

vitamin B-3 is also called

A

niacin

33
Q

how niacin is made and possible sources

A

made from amino acid tryptophan (except in cats), tryptophan and niacin found in meat

34
Q

B-3 (niacin) deficiency can cause

A

oral ulcers and stomatits

pellagra in humans, black tongue in dogs

35
Q

vitamin B-5 is also called

A

Pantothenic acid

36
Q

what B-5 (pantothenic acid) is needed for

A

coenzyme for krebs cycle for energy production, helps production of antibodies, helps make neurotransmitters like acetylcholine

37
Q

vitamin B-6 is also called

A

Pyridoxine

38
Q

what B-6 (pyridoxine) is needed for

A

hemoglobin synthesis, helps metabolize fats and proteins, helps maintain nerve function

39
Q

vitamin B-7 is also called

A

biotin

40
Q

what B-7 (biotin) is needed for

A

healthy hooves and nails

41
Q

vitamin B-9 is also called

A

Folic acid

42
Q

B-9 (folic acid) deficiency can lead to

A

neural tube defects in embryo (forms brain and spinal cord), cleft palate, hair lip, spina bifida (lumbar vertebrae usu. dont close completely around spine), encephalocele (brain portrudes out in buldge), anencephaly (no brain)

43
Q

vitamin B-12 is also called

A

Cobalamine or cyanocobalimine

44
Q

what vitamin B-12 (cobalamine) is needed for?

deficiencies can cause…

A

RBC production
deficiency= non-regenerative anemia or pernicious anemia (lack intrinsic factor made by parietal cells in stomach needed to absorb B-12)

45
Q

this B-like vitamin substance is often supplemented in fresh cows to prevent ketosis
it can also be used to treat what in humans

A

choline (involved in protein, carb, and fat metabolism)

treat liver disease and neurologic conditions in humans (like alzeimer’s, depression, and memory loss)

46
Q

vitamin C is also called

what animals cannot produce it in their livers from glucose like others

A

ascorbic acid

guinea pigs, fish, bats, primates

47
Q

Vitamin C is needed for

deficiency?

A

Fe absorption, collagen synthesis/wound healing, bone metabolism (healing)
deficiency = scurvy (gums bleeding, skin lesions, slow healing (may appear as bruising))

48
Q

list the vitamin (and mineral) antioxidants

A

A (and betacarotene and lycopene), C, E (+ selenium)

also zinc

49
Q

antioxidants prevent the formation of free radicals, like peroxide, in cells. why are these bad?

A

damage cell membranes and DNA

cause decreased immunity, disease, possibly cancer

50
Q

plant used to increase vitamin D3 and increase calcium absorption in hens and create stronger egg shells

A

Solanum

51
Q

one case we read about was an iguana w signs suggesting renal failure, she was supplemented calcium and vitamin D daily, what was the issue?

A

too much vitamin D, (renal failure secondary hypervitamindosis D), excessive supplementation allows large amounts of Ca to be absorbed from intestines resulting in soft tissue mineralization

Practical Nutrition (20 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions