Lipids Flashcards
differences between fats and oils
Fat: lipid of animal origin, solid at room temp
oil: lipid of plant or marine animal origin, liquid at room temp
roles of lipids
energy, palatability/texture, increase reproductive efficiency (make hormones), essential fatty acids, transport fat soluble vitamins (ADEK), component of cell membranes hair and skin
enzyme that breaks down fat into fatty acids
where is it made
lipase from the pancreas
where fatty acids are absorbed
lymphatics of the small intestine
list the dietary essential fatty acids in dogs/cats
Linoleic acid, Linolenic acid, alpha-linolenic acid, and arachidonic acid (cats only)
fish oils are high in which essential amino acids (d/c)
what kind of fatty acid are they
Linolenic and alph-linolenic acid (omega 3 fatty acids)
out of the dietary essential amino acids in d/c, which are inflammatory, which are anti-inflammatory
Inflam.= linoleic and arachidonic in cats (both omega-6) anti.= linolenic and alpha-linolenic (both omega-3)
how dogs (and most other animals aside from cats) get arachidonic acid
make from linoleic acid
sources of arachidonic acid for cats
meat and fish (like taurine)
Difference between structure of unsaturated and saturated fatty acids
Un - double bonds, liquid at room temp, plants and marine animals
Saturated- no double bonds, solid at room temp, animal fats
Omega 3 fatty acids tend to be (saturated or unsaturated)
6s?
Omega 3s= unsaturated
6s= saturated
What are Trans fatty acids
Hydrogens added to fats to give linger shelf life, v unhealthy, banned in many areas
How much lipid in diet is deficient (% and fatty acid ratio)
Less than 5%
Fatty acid Ratio should be
5-10:1
(Omega6:omega3)
Lipid deficiency can cause
Dry flaky skin and coat
Increased allergy signs (itch makes skin worse)
Fatty acid ratio of omega 3 deficiency
50:1
Omega 6:omega 3
How to correct omega 3 deficiency
Vegetable/fish oils (unsaturated, anti inflammatory, typically) 1tbs to 1 cup food or 1 lb canned
Or add cooked egg yolk (anti inflammatory chemicals)
What omega 3s are need for
Nervous system development, retinal function etc.
When fat meets an animals energy needs they eat less required
Proteins, vitamins, minerals
Lipid excess causes
Weight gain, vomiting, diarrhea (fat not digested and is broken down by fermentation to ricinoleic acid- a cathartic), pancreatitis, sled dog syndrome
Define cathartic
Makes go to bathroom
What is sled dog syndrome
Aka yellow fat disease/ steatitis/ steatorrhea
Excess fat dilutes out vitamin E and leads to muscle inflammation
What is added to fat to prevent spoilage
Antioxidants (Ed: vitamin E or C)
Dietary essential fatty acids are unsaturated or saturated?
Unsaturated
What are VLDL, LDL, and HDL
Which are the worst for you and best for you?
Very low density lipoproteins (worst, protein:lipid ratio 10:90)
Low density lipoprotein
high density lipoprotein (best, ratio 50:50)
Trans fats raise the level of VLDL LDL or HDL
Lower ___
LDL (bad cholesterol) Lower HDL (good cholesterol)
Why omega 3s from fish products are more effective than vegetable oils
Vegetable oils contain high amounts of omega 6s that compete with the chemical reactions changing the omega 3s
The omega 3s also require more chemical modification
What causes DOD in large and giant breed dogs
Developmental orthopedic disease; biomechanical stress caused by rapid weight gain and hormonal dysregulation of epiphyseal bone growth
AA (arachidonic acid) and DHA (docosahexaeonic acid) both essential in development of what in utero
neurological and retina
why we may feed dams a diet enriched in DHA during gestation and lactation and after weaning
results in accumulation of DHA in plasma lipids of puppies, improvments in neurological development
how omega-3s help improve blood flow
maintain fluidity of cell membranes
how omega-3s prevent blood clots
why this may be bad?
thins the blood (like asprin)
overabundance can increase risk of hemmoragic stroke (bleeding into brain)
