Lipids

Question 1

differences between fats and oils

Answer 1

Fat: lipid of animal origin, solid at room temp
oil: lipid of plant or marine animal origin, liquid at room temp

Question 2

roles of lipids

Answer 2

energy, palatability/texture, increase reproductive efficiency (make hormones), essential fatty acids, transport fat soluble vitamins (ADEK), component of cell membranes hair and skin

Question 3

enzyme that breaks down fat into fatty acids

where is it made

Answer 3

lipase from the pancreas

Question 4

where fatty acids are absorbed

Answer 4

lymphatics of the small intestine

Question 5

list the dietary essential fatty acids in dogs/cats

Answer 5

Linoleic acid, Linolenic acid, alpha-linolenic acid, and arachidonic acid (cats only)

Question 6

fish oils are high in which essential amino acids (d/c)

what kind of fatty acid are they

Answer 6

Linolenic and alph-linolenic acid (omega 3 fatty acids)

Question 7

out of the dietary essential amino acids in d/c, which are inflammatory, which are anti-inflammatory

Answer 7

Inflam.= linoleic and arachidonic in cats (both omega-6)
anti.= linolenic and alpha-linolenic (both omega-3)

Question 8

how dogs (and most other animals aside from cats) get arachidonic acid

Answer 8

make from linoleic acid

Question 9

sources of arachidonic acid for cats

Answer 9

meat and fish (like taurine)

Question 10

Difference between structure of unsaturated and saturated fatty acids

Answer 10

Un - double bonds, liquid at room temp, plants and marine animals
Saturated- no double bonds, solid at room temp, animal fats

Question 11

Omega 3 fatty acids tend to be (saturated or unsaturated)

6s?

Answer 11

Omega 3s= unsaturated

6s= saturated

Question 12

What are Trans fatty acids

Answer 12

Hydrogens added to fats to give linger shelf life, v unhealthy, banned in many areas

Question 13

How much lipid in diet is deficient (% and fatty acid ratio)

Answer 13

Less than 5%
Fatty acid Ratio should be
5-10:1
(Omega6:omega3)

Question 14

Lipid deficiency can cause

Answer 14

Dry flaky skin and coat

Increased allergy signs (itch makes skin worse)

Question 15

Fatty acid ratio of omega 3 deficiency

Answer 15

50:1

Omega 6:omega 3

Question 16

How to correct omega 3 deficiency

Answer 16

Vegetable/fish oils (unsaturated, anti inflammatory, typically) 1tbs to 1 cup food or 1 lb canned
Or add cooked egg yolk (anti inflammatory chemicals)

Question 17

What omega 3s are need for

Answer 17

Nervous system development, retinal function etc.

Question 18

When fat meets an animals energy needs they eat less required

Answer 18

Proteins, vitamins, minerals

Question 19

Lipid excess causes

Answer 19

Weight gain, vomiting, diarrhea (fat not digested and is broken down by fermentation to ricinoleic acid- a cathartic), pancreatitis, sled dog syndrome

Question 20

Define cathartic

Answer 20

Makes go to bathroom

Question 21

What is sled dog syndrome

Answer 21

Aka yellow fat disease/ steatitis/ steatorrhea

Excess fat dilutes out vitamin E and leads to muscle inflammation

Question 22

What is added to fat to prevent spoilage

Answer 22

Antioxidants (Ed: vitamin E or C)

Question 23

Dietary essential fatty acids are unsaturated or saturated?

Answer 23

Unsaturated

Question 24

What are VLDL, LDL, and HDL

Which are the worst for you and best for you?

Answer 24

Very low density lipoproteins (worst, protein:lipid ratio 10:90)
Low density lipoprotein
high density lipoprotein (best, ratio 50:50)

Question 25

Trans fats raise the level of VLDL LDL or HDL

Lower ___

Answer 25

LDL (bad cholesterol) 
Lower HDL (good cholesterol)

Question 26

Why omega 3s from fish products are more effective than vegetable oils

Answer 26

Vegetable oils contain high amounts of omega 6s that compete with the chemical reactions changing the omega 3s

The omega 3s also require more chemical modification

Question 27

What causes DOD in large and giant breed dogs

Answer 27

Developmental orthopedic disease; biomechanical stress caused by rapid weight gain and hormonal dysregulation of epiphyseal bone growth

Question 28

AA (arachidonic acid) and DHA (docosahexaeonic acid) both essential in development of what in utero

Answer 28

neurological and retina

Question 29

why we may feed dams a diet enriched in DHA during gestation and lactation and after weaning

Answer 29

results in accumulation of DHA in plasma lipids of puppies, improvments in neurological development

Question 30

how omega-3s help improve blood flow

Answer 30

maintain fluidity of cell membranes

Question 31

how omega-3s prevent blood clots

why this may be bad?

Answer 31

thins the blood (like asprin)

overabundance can increase risk of hemmoragic stroke (bleeding into brain)