Intro to Nutrition Flashcards
1 most common pet toxin
human prescription medications
these food items contain methylxanthines
chocolate, coffee, caffeine, (cacao seeds)
when ingested by pets methylxanthines can cause
v/d, excessive thirst and urination, hyperactivity, abnormal heart rhythm, tremors, seizures
why avocados are harmful to dogs
the leaves, fruit, seed and bark contain persin . causes v/d
what animals are especially sensitive to avocado poisoning
birds and rodents (congestion, difficulty breathing, fluid accumulation around heart)
kind of nuts dangerous to dogs
macadamia nuts
grapes and raisins can cause what when ingested by pets
kidney failure (unknown substance causes)
why yeast dough should not be ingested by pets
can rise and cause gas to accumulate in pets digestive system, can cause stomach or intestines to rupture
cooked dough can be given as treats, but it should not constitute more than __ percent of your pets daily caloric intake
5-10%
raw meat and eggs can contain what harmful bacteria
salmonella or E coli
raw eggs contain avidin which is what
why is it an issue
an enzyme that decreases the absorption of biotin (a B vitamin)
can lead to skin and coat problems
why raw bones shouldnt be given to domestic pets
choking hazard, injury from splinter
what is xylitol? what products commonly contain it
artificial sweetener; gum, candy, baked goods, toothpaste
why xylitol is dangerous for pets
causes insulin release (as if sugar is in the blood, but there is no sugar), leads to hypoglycemia, can lead to liver failure
signs of xylitol induced hypoglycemia
vomiting, lethargy, loss of coordination; can progress to recumbency and seizures
onions, garlic, and chives can cause what issues
gastrointestinal irritation, can lead to heinz body hemolytic anemia (kind of RBC damage)
how onion, garlic, or chive toxicity is diagnosed
history, signs, microscopic confirmation of heinz bodies
why pets should not consume milk
do not possess significant amounts of lactase (enzyme that breaks down lactose in milk) have when puppies/kittens, lose w age
define nutrition
study of food and drink requirments of living organisms for growth, maintenance, reproduction, lactation, work, and disease managment
define anthropomorphism
giving human characteristics to animals
why it is recommended to feed animals different forms of food (wet+dry)
avoids food fixation (common in cats)
animals tend to prefer; variety in food or consistency
consistency
define malnutrition
inappropraite feeding (excess or deficient)
excess carbs leads to
bloat and flatulence and weight gain
excess fat leads to
obesity, diarrhea, pancreatitis
insufficient calcium leads to
nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism
insufficient fat leads to
vitamin deficiencies (ADEK; fat helps w absorption), weight loss
what gland in the body controls metabolism
thyroid
6 basic nutrients needed for balanced diet
water minerals vitamins protein carbs fat
which basic nutrients require no digestion prior to absorption due to small molecule size
water, minerals, vitamins
difference between dietary essential and dietary nonessential
essential- must be in diet
non- can be made from other nutrient building blocks
vitamin C is a dietary essential or nonessential in dogs/cats
non- make vitamin C from glucose in diet
most important nutrient in diet to maintain life
water
why if an animal is off-feed we should check water supply first
if water-deprived, food intake decreases; if food is dry, hard to wash down and go thro GI tract
how being water deprived can lead to ketosis
food intake decreases, fat start entering krebs cycle
role of water as nutrient
make up over 90% body, regulate body temp, rid body of toxins, facilitate metabolic functions, solvent in digestive process, major component of blood
what is prednisone & how it affects thirst
cortisone drug (steroid) used for itch, increases thirst
old or young animals usually drink more water
young
kidney disease causes animal to drink (more/less)
more
diabetes causes animal to drink (more/less)
more
most common metals
iron and manganese
naturally occurring gas that causes rotten egg smell
hydrogen sulfide gas (sulfur)
how water “high in total dissolved solids (TDS)” typically occurs
highly mineralized waters affected by underground brines, mining, or gas drilling
severe cases of water high in total dissolved solids symptoms
dehydration, electrolyte imbalance
primary causes of hard water
calcium and magnesium
what to do if giving herd of cattle hard water?
calculate calcium and magnesium into ration formula. Problems occur when excessive amounts of minerals given (magnesium= laxative effects)
pH considered acidic water
less than 5.1
water is considered alkaline when
its pH is over 9.0
elevated nitrates in cattle water can cause
reproductive problems in adults, reduced gains in young, resp disease, gray-brown MM from O2 deprivation
effects of nitrite toxicity
(similiar to nitrate) infertility, abortion, reduced gains and growth
too much sulfates in water can cause
diarrhea, reduced milk fat, mineral imbalances
