Minerals\ Flashcards
what are minerals (aka ash)
inorganic, non-combustible element portion of diet
difference between macrominerals and microminerals
macro- larger amounts needed, required in % amounts
micro- trace amounts, required in parts per million (ppm)
which 2 macrominerals make up the hydroxyapatite of bones
Ca+ P
main constituent of tooth enamel and bone
calcium is needed for
blood coagulation, nerve impulses, and muscle contraction
Phosphorus is needed for
enzyme systems, transfer/ store energy, cell membranes, part of genetic material
Ca:P ratio in diet must be approximatley
2:1 (Ca:P)
a reversed Ca:P ratio can lead to
nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism, aka big head or millers disease, Ca leaves bones and is replaced by fibrous connective tissue (weak bones, fractures)
how a reversed Ca:P ratio (or not enough Ca) causes nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism
parathyroid helps to raise blood calcium if it is low by drawing calcium out of the bone, pituitary gland senses hypocalcemia and increases parathyroid hormone,
Ca leaves bones replaced by fibrous connective tissue (weak bones, fractures)
nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism is also called
big head (deformed bones/ connective tissue) or millers disease or nutritional osteodystrophy
why all meat diets can lead to nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism
most meats (not fish) have high proportion of P
source of dicalcium phosphate, what is its Ca:P ratio
bone meal, 2:1
most common source of calcium
Calcium carbonate (found in limestone)
disease risks associated w raw bones as a source of dicalcium phosphate
salmonella, bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE)
3 things that work together to make strong bones
Ca, P, and vitamin D
dificiencies of Ca, P, and vitamin D can cause
ricketts in young, osteoporosis in old, hypocalcemia
how fosomax (Boniva in humans) is used to treat/ prevent osteoporosis
give injections while feeding high calcium diet, drives Ca into bones
a phosphorus deficiency specifically can cause
decreased fertility
excess Ca and P can lead to
soft tissue calcification (heteroplastic ossification) or urinary calculi
why UV light is important for pet reptiles, how often change bulb?
helps vitamin D production (linked to Ca and P absorption), usually change every 9 months
Magnesium is needed for
muscle and bone structure/function, enzyme systems
supplemental form of magnesium
MgSO4 (magnesium sulfate) in epsom salts or calcium magnesium supplement
what may cause magnesium deficiency
inadequate intake, v/d, protein malnutrition, use of diuretics, rapid growing forages in spring time (grass tetany, cattle)
if cats are getting over 0.1% magnesium in diet (excess) what may occur
FLUTD/FUS (feline urologic sydrome) bc of struvite crystals forming made of ammonium, P, and Mg
list the macrominerals that are electrolytes
Na, Cl (chloride), and K (potassium)
what Na Cl and K (electrolytes) are needed for
maintain osmotic pressure in bloodstream and in cells (bc water is drawn towards them), acid/base balance(pH)
Cl is needed for the parietal cells in stomach to produce
HCL (hydorchloric acid/ gastric juice)
why excess NaCl may be a problem in cases of renal and heart disease
NaCl draws more water and less is excreted from kidneys, may also increase blood pressure (why heart disease patients should eat less sodium)
what is K specifically needed for
muscle and nerve function (cardiac function)
how to replenish electrolytes in a v/d animal
IV (saline with added K) or oral (pedialyte, can be given to puppies) electrolyte solutions
why we give animals w chronic kidney disease tumil K
K supplement, lose too much K thro urine
what sulfur is needed for
make amino acids (methionine, lysine, cysteine, cystine, taurine), to form RBCs, for wool feathers hair and cartilage
where sulfur can be obtained from
vitamins like biotin and thiamine (B vitamins), proteins w/ sulfur amino acids
Fe is an important component of
hemoglobin (O2 carrier in RBCs) and myoglobin (O2 carrier in muscle)
why piglets need Fe supplementation
most species get Fe from dam before birth, piglets are born iron deficient anemic (give injections or allow to eat dirt)
which is absorbed better; animal or plant sources of Fe
Animal (ferrous/heme) (plant iron=ferric)
vitamin that helps w Fe absorption
Vitamin C
Fe deficiency can cause
anemia, lethargy, slow growth, pica
excess Fe can cause
toxicities like storage disease (store too much of a mineral), hemochromatosis (too much Fe stored-> damage organs)
what animals suseptible to hemochromatosis and why
birds and black rhinos; come from area of Fe deficient soil like africa and are thus veryh efficient Fe absorbers, feed them an Fe deficient diet to avoid
what is Copper (Cu) needed for
form melanin pigment in skin/hair, production of hemoglobin, immune function, collagen formation
Cu deficiency can cause
faded hair coat (melanin), anemia (hemoglobin)
excess Cu can lead to
who is most sensitive
build up in liver of susceptible breeds (Bedlington terriers or dobermans), sheep v sensitive (also goats to a lesser extent)
what manganese is needed for
enzyme systems, equilibrium, bone and cartilage development
manganese deficiency common in
birds (rare in d/c) have higher Mn requirments
breed of cat susceptible to Manganese toxicity
siamese
what Cobalt (Co) is needed for
Vitamin B-12 synthesis (form=cyanocobalamine)
where ruminants get Cobalt (Co)
made in rumen by microbes, absorbed in duodenum
what is iodine needed for
make thyroid hormones (tri-iodothyronine T-3, tetra-iodothyronine T-4)
too much or too little iodine can cause
goiter (enlarged thyroid)
signs of hypothyroidism
lethargic, reproductive problems, skin disease, hair problems(“rat tail” on dogs), mental retardation (cretinism), weight problems (hard to lose weight)
hypothyroid most commonly seen in
hyper?
hypo= humans, dogs, horses hyper= humans, cats
hyperthyroid is also called
graves disease
signs of hyperthyroidism
hyperactive, nervous, weight loss, ravenous appetite, excessive urination, eyes bulge in humans (fat pad behind eyes affected)
ways to treat hyperthyroidism
radioactive iodine (drawn to thyroid gland, destroys gland tissue), tapazole (blocks conversion of T-3 to T-4, prevents clinical signs), surgery
why feeding kelp to pregnant mares was leading to foals being born with goiters
kelp rich in iodine, too much iodine
what reptiles are most at risk for nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism
juveniles that are rapidly growing and reproductively active females(laying eggs) (higher need for calcium)
