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Practical Nutrition > Minerals\ > Flashcards

Minerals\ Flashcards

1
Q

what are minerals (aka ash)

A

inorganic, non-combustible element portion of diet

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2
Q

difference between macrominerals and microminerals

A

macro- larger amounts needed, required in % amounts

micro- trace amounts, required in parts per million (ppm)

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3
Q

which 2 macrominerals make up the hydroxyapatite of bones

A

Ca+ P

main constituent of tooth enamel and bone

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4
Q

calcium is needed for

A

blood coagulation, nerve impulses, and muscle contraction

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5
Q

Phosphorus is needed for

A

enzyme systems, transfer/ store energy, cell membranes, part of genetic material

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6
Q

Ca:P ratio in diet must be approximatley

A

2:1 (Ca:P)

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7
Q

a reversed Ca:P ratio can lead to

A

nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism, aka big head or millers disease, Ca leaves bones and is replaced by fibrous connective tissue (weak bones, fractures)

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8
Q

how a reversed Ca:P ratio (or not enough Ca) causes nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism

A

parathyroid helps to raise blood calcium if it is low by drawing calcium out of the bone, pituitary gland senses hypocalcemia and increases parathyroid hormone,
Ca leaves bones replaced by fibrous connective tissue (weak bones, fractures)

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9
Q

nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism is also called

A

big head (deformed bones/ connective tissue) or millers disease or nutritional osteodystrophy

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10
Q

why all meat diets can lead to nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism

A

most meats (not fish) have high proportion of P

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11
Q

source of dicalcium phosphate, what is its Ca:P ratio

A

bone meal, 2:1

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12
Q

most common source of calcium

A

Calcium carbonate (found in limestone)

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13
Q

disease risks associated w raw bones as a source of dicalcium phosphate

A

salmonella, bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE)

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14
Q

3 things that work together to make strong bones

A

Ca, P, and vitamin D

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15
Q

dificiencies of Ca, P, and vitamin D can cause

A

ricketts in young, osteoporosis in old, hypocalcemia

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16
Q

how fosomax (Boniva in humans) is used to treat/ prevent osteoporosis

A

give injections while feeding high calcium diet, drives Ca into bones

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17
Q

a phosphorus deficiency specifically can cause

A

decreased fertility

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18
Q

excess Ca and P can lead to

A

soft tissue calcification (heteroplastic ossification) or urinary calculi

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19
Q

why UV light is important for pet reptiles, how often change bulb?

A

helps vitamin D production (linked to Ca and P absorption), usually change every 9 months

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20
Q

Magnesium is needed for

A

muscle and bone structure/function, enzyme systems

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21
Q

supplemental form of magnesium

A

MgSO4 (magnesium sulfate) in epsom salts or calcium magnesium supplement

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22
Q

what may cause magnesium deficiency

A

inadequate intake, v/d, protein malnutrition, use of diuretics, rapid growing forages in spring time (grass tetany, cattle)

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23
Q

if cats are getting over 0.1% magnesium in diet (excess) what may occur

A

FLUTD/FUS (feline urologic sydrome) bc of struvite crystals forming made of ammonium, P, and Mg

24
Q

list the macrominerals that are electrolytes

A

Na, Cl (chloride), and K (potassium)

25
Q

what Na Cl and K (electrolytes) are needed for

A

maintain osmotic pressure in bloodstream and in cells (bc water is drawn towards them), acid/base balance(pH)

26
Q

Cl is needed for the parietal cells in stomach to produce

A

HCL (hydorchloric acid/ gastric juice)

27
Q

why excess NaCl may be a problem in cases of renal and heart disease

A

NaCl draws more water and less is excreted from kidneys, may also increase blood pressure (why heart disease patients should eat less sodium)

28
Q

what is K specifically needed for

A

muscle and nerve function (cardiac function)

29
Q

how to replenish electrolytes in a v/d animal

A

IV (saline with added K) or oral (pedialyte, can be given to puppies) electrolyte solutions

30
Q

why we give animals w chronic kidney disease tumil K

A

K supplement, lose too much K thro urine

31
Q

what sulfur is needed for

A

make amino acids (methionine, lysine, cysteine, cystine, taurine), to form RBCs, for wool feathers hair and cartilage

32
Q

where sulfur can be obtained from

A

vitamins like biotin and thiamine (B vitamins), proteins w/ sulfur amino acids

33
Q

Fe is an important component of

A

hemoglobin (O2 carrier in RBCs) and myoglobin (O2 carrier in muscle)

34
Q

why piglets need Fe supplementation

A

most species get Fe from dam before birth, piglets are born iron deficient anemic (give injections or allow to eat dirt)

35
Q

which is absorbed better; animal or plant sources of Fe

A

Animal (ferrous/heme) (plant iron=ferric)

36
Q

vitamin that helps w Fe absorption

A

Vitamin C

37
Q

Fe deficiency can cause

A

anemia, lethargy, slow growth, pica

38
Q

excess Fe can cause

A

toxicities like storage disease (store too much of a mineral), hemochromatosis (too much Fe stored-> damage organs)

39
Q

what animals suseptible to hemochromatosis and why

A

birds and black rhinos; come from area of Fe deficient soil like africa and are thus veryh efficient Fe absorbers, feed them an Fe deficient diet to avoid

40
Q

what is Copper (Cu) needed for

A

form melanin pigment in skin/hair, production of hemoglobin, immune function, collagen formation

41
Q

Cu deficiency can cause

A

faded hair coat (melanin), anemia (hemoglobin)

42
Q

excess Cu can lead to

who is most sensitive

A

build up in liver of susceptible breeds (Bedlington terriers or dobermans), sheep v sensitive (also goats to a lesser extent)

43
Q

what manganese is needed for

A

enzyme systems, equilibrium, bone and cartilage development

44
Q

manganese deficiency common in

A

birds (rare in d/c) have higher Mn requirments

45
Q

breed of cat susceptible to Manganese toxicity

A

siamese

46
Q

what Cobalt (Co) is needed for

A

Vitamin B-12 synthesis (form=cyanocobalamine)

47
Q

where ruminants get Cobalt (Co)

A

made in rumen by microbes, absorbed in duodenum

48
Q

what is iodine needed for

A

make thyroid hormones (tri-iodothyronine T-3, tetra-iodothyronine T-4)

49
Q

too much or too little iodine can cause

A

goiter (enlarged thyroid)

50
Q

signs of hypothyroidism

A

lethargic, reproductive problems, skin disease, hair problems(“rat tail” on dogs), mental retardation (cretinism), weight problems (hard to lose weight)

51
Q

hypothyroid most commonly seen in

hyper?

A 
hypo= humans, dogs, horses
hyper= humans, cats
52
Q

hyperthyroid is also called

A

graves disease

53
Q

signs of hyperthyroidism

A

hyperactive, nervous, weight loss, ravenous appetite, excessive urination, eyes bulge in humans (fat pad behind eyes affected)

54
Q

ways to treat hyperthyroidism

A

radioactive iodine (drawn to thyroid gland, destroys gland tissue), tapazole (blocks conversion of T-3 to T-4, prevents clinical signs), surgery

55
Q

why feeding kelp to pregnant mares was leading to foals being born with goiters

A

kelp rich in iodine, too much iodine

56
Q

what reptiles are most at risk for nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism

A

juveniles that are rapidly growing and reproductively active females(laying eggs) (higher need for calcium)

Practical Nutrition (20 decks)

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