Energy Flashcards
why we need energy
movement and temp regulation, drives metabolic reactions so nutrients can be used
animals ___ to balance their energy needs
eat
define 1 calorie
the amount of heat needed to raise the temp of water 1 degree celsius
tool we use to measure the amount of calories in a substance
bomb calorimeter
how a bombcalorimeter work to determine calorie number of a substance
substance burned, heats up water, how much the term increased(degrees C)= number of calories
3 forms of energy used to meet animals energy needs
protein, carbs, fats
which energy form gives us the most kcal/g (protein, carbs, or fats)
fats
how many calories in kilocalorie
1000
cats are (carnivores, omnivores, or herbivores) and get their energy mainly from which forms of energy
carniovres; energy mainly from protein and fat
dogs are (carniores, omnivores, or herbivores) and get their energy mainly from which forms of energy
omnivores; carbs, proteins, and fats
giving table scraps high in fat can lead to an increase or decrease in food consumption
decrease (diet becomes unbalanced)
define gross energy (GE) and how we measure it
potential energy of food, measured in bombcalorimeter
define digestible energy (DE) and how we calculate it
energy of food after the undigestable fraction is subtracted out; DE= GE (food)- GE (feces)
measure GEs in bombcalorimeter
which is most accurate GE, DE, or ME(gross energy or digestible energy or metabolized energy)
ME
define metabolized energy (ME)
energy of food that is digested, absorbed, and utilized by body
how metabolized energy (ME) is calculated
energy after undigestible fractions (feces) and other waste products (urine) are subtracted out
why we use ME (metabolized energy) when considering bird foods
birds produce urates (urine and feces together)
what proteins are needed for in bodies
build, maintain, and repair tissues
also for energy production
how many amino acids are dietary non-essential and dietary essential in dogs
non-13
essential-10
what dietary essential and nondietary essential means
non- can be made from other things
essential- can not be made
how many amino acids are dietary non-essential and dietary essential in cats
diff between dogs?
non- 12
essential- 11 (unlike dogs, need taurine)
unlike dogs and cats, poultry need what 2 amino acids as essential amino acids, how many total?
glycerine and serine (12 essential amino acids total)
how we measure amount of protein in something
all amino acids contain nitrogen, % nitrogen obtained w Kjeldahl technique,
crude protein%(CP)=%N x 6.25
how the Kjeldahl technique is done to measure protein
mix sulfuric acid w a weighted sample, alkanized solution, nitrogen turns into ammonium, distilled and measured
what constitutes a “high quality protein”
contains all dietary essential amino acids
the better the biological value of a protein the ____ (smaller/larger) the amount needed to meet essential a.a. requirements
smaller
which has more biological value, eggs or plant protein
eggs; have the best high biological value
plants lack essential amino acids
formula to calculate digestible protein (DP)
DP= CP (food)- CP(feces)
crude protein
proteins are broken down by what enzymes in the stomach and pancreas
stomach- pepsin
pancreas- trypsin
anabolism v catabolism
anabolism- synthesis of tissue
catabolism- breakdown of tissue
examples of anabolic steroids
testosterone, winstrol (both build muscle)
examples of catabolic steroids
corticosteroids like prednisone
what we give corticosteroids for
itch and allergies
a lot of animal protein in a diet makes urine pH (higher or lower)
plant protein makes urine pH (higher or lower)
animal protein- lower pH (acidic) ex:cats
plant protein- higher pH (alkaline) ex:horses
a cat getting an animal protein/ plant protein diet can lead to what issues
increased urine pH resulting in FLUTD (feline lower urinary tract disease)
acidic pH prevents bacteria in urinary tract
FLUTD most common in what cats
overweight, neutered, indoor males
ways to decrease cat urine pH (make more acidic)
give vitamin C(ascorbic acid), methionine (amino aid found in meat), or increase the meat in diet
possible reasons why urine is causing lawn damage
pH is alkaline, urine is concentrated (not enough water), contains a lot of ammonia from protein breakdown
why if an animal pees in a spot, the center of the grass is lush but the outer ring is dead
inside is fertilized by nitrogen in urine
this amino acid is essential for mammals, esp important in high producing dairy cattle (why?)
methionine (needed for milk protein production)
methionine is considered a limited amino acid in mammals (dairy cattle esp) why?
1st amino acid to run out
taurine deficiency in cats can lead to what issues
vision problems (retina damages), reproduction problems, heart problems (cardiomyopathy)
serum samples from FIV positive cats show a (increase/decrease) in tryptophan levels and a (increase/decrease) in kynurenine
how do these 2 substances relate?
decreased tryptophan levels, increased kynurenine (a catabolite of tryptophan)
how the “lawn rescue” medication works
lowers pH of urine via DL-methionine, brewers yeast (B vitamins), yucca, cranberry, etc.
what is a novel protein
new to the animal, no previous exposure to it
proteins that resist what are usually responsible for allergic reactions
proteins that resist heat of cooking, stomach acid, and intestinal digestive enzymes (cross the GI lining and enter bloodstream, go to organs)
during the first exposure to an antigen, what happens
stimulates lymphocytes to produce antibodies specific to that antigen, antibodies attach to surface of mast cells
what happens in body during the second exposure to allergen
allergens target the specific antibodies w/ mast cells, histamine and other chemicals are released from mast cell
initial signs of food allergy
redness and swelling of mouth and throat
signs of food allergy when food is being digested
v/d, nausea, abdominal pain
may be confused w food intolerance
signs of food allergy when reaches bloodstream and skin
pruritis and uticaria (hives)
eosinophilic complex common in cats (uticaria + licking and itching)
lactase deficiency is an examle of food allergy or food intolerance
food intolerance
what “hypoallergenic diet” in food elimination trial means
a diet of foods the animal was not previously exposed to(not truly hypoallergenic)
hydrolyzed protein diets are truly hypoallergenic
what is a hydrolyzed protein diet
contain altered proteins reduced in size to make them less antigenic (not recognized by immune system)
what to do once an animal on a novel protein diet no longer shows signs of allergies (after 8 weeks min)
specific food components reintroduced individually, add for 1-2 weeks, if no signs reoccur add next component
what is a complete protein
has all essential amino acids (quinoa for humans)
2 most commonly identified food allergies in dogs and cats
1 beef
2 dairy
