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Practical Nutrition > Energy > Flashcards

Energy Flashcards

1
Q

why we need energy

A

movement and temp regulation, drives metabolic reactions so nutrients can be used

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2
Q

animals ___ to balance their energy needs

A

eat

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3
Q

define 1 calorie

A

the amount of heat needed to raise the temp of water 1 degree celsius

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4
Q

tool we use to measure the amount of calories in a substance

A

bomb calorimeter

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5
Q

how a bombcalorimeter work to determine calorie number of a substance

A

substance burned, heats up water, how much the term increased(degrees C)= number of calories

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6
Q

3 forms of energy used to meet animals energy needs

A

protein, carbs, fats

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7
Q

which energy form gives us the most kcal/g (protein, carbs, or fats)

A

fats

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8
Q

how many calories in kilocalorie

A

1000

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9
Q

cats are (carnivores, omnivores, or herbivores) and get their energy mainly from which forms of energy

A

carniovres; energy mainly from protein and fat

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10
Q

dogs are (carniores, omnivores, or herbivores) and get their energy mainly from which forms of energy

A

omnivores; carbs, proteins, and fats

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11
Q

giving table scraps high in fat can lead to an increase or decrease in food consumption

A

decrease (diet becomes unbalanced)

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12
Q

define gross energy (GE) and how we measure it

A

potential energy of food, measured in bombcalorimeter

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13
Q

define digestible energy (DE) and how we calculate it

A

energy of food after the undigestable fraction is subtracted out; DE= GE (food)- GE (feces)
measure GEs in bombcalorimeter

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14
Q

which is most accurate GE, DE, or ME(gross energy or digestible energy or metabolized energy)

A

ME

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15
Q

define metabolized energy (ME)

A

energy of food that is digested, absorbed, and utilized by body

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16
Q

how metabolized energy (ME) is calculated

A

energy after undigestible fractions (feces) and other waste products (urine) are subtracted out

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17
Q

why we use ME (metabolized energy) when considering bird foods

A

birds produce urates (urine and feces together)

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18
Q

what proteins are needed for in bodies

A

build, maintain, and repair tissues

also for energy production

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19
Q

how many amino acids are dietary non-essential and dietary essential in dogs

A

non-13

essential-10

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20
Q

what dietary essential and nondietary essential means

A

non- can be made from other things

essential- can not be made

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21
Q

how many amino acids are dietary non-essential and dietary essential in cats
diff between dogs?

A

non- 12

essential- 11 (unlike dogs, need taurine)

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22
Q

unlike dogs and cats, poultry need what 2 amino acids as essential amino acids, how many total?

A

glycerine and serine (12 essential amino acids total)

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23
Q

how we measure amount of protein in something

A

all amino acids contain nitrogen, % nitrogen obtained w Kjeldahl technique,
crude protein%(CP)=%N x 6.25

24
Q

how the Kjeldahl technique is done to measure protein

A

mix sulfuric acid w a weighted sample, alkanized solution, nitrogen turns into ammonium, distilled and measured

25
Q

what constitutes a “high quality protein”

A

contains all dietary essential amino acids

26
Q

the better the biological value of a protein the ____ (smaller/larger) the amount needed to meet essential a.a. requirements

A

smaller

27
Q

which has more biological value, eggs or plant protein

A

eggs; have the best high biological value

plants lack essential amino acids

28
Q

formula to calculate digestible protein (DP)

A

DP= CP (food)- CP(feces)

crude protein

29
Q

proteins are broken down by what enzymes in the stomach and pancreas

A

stomach- pepsin

pancreas- trypsin

30
Q

anabolism v catabolism

A

anabolism- synthesis of tissue

catabolism- breakdown of tissue

31
Q

examples of anabolic steroids

A

testosterone, winstrol (both build muscle)

32
Q

examples of catabolic steroids

A

corticosteroids like prednisone

33
Q

what we give corticosteroids for

A

itch and allergies

34
Q

a lot of animal protein in a diet makes urine pH (higher or lower)
plant protein makes urine pH (higher or lower)

A

animal protein- lower pH (acidic) ex:cats

plant protein- higher pH (alkaline) ex:horses

35
Q

a cat getting an animal protein/ plant protein diet can lead to what issues

A

increased urine pH resulting in FLUTD (feline lower urinary tract disease)
acidic pH prevents bacteria in urinary tract

36
Q

FLUTD most common in what cats

A

overweight, neutered, indoor males

37
Q

ways to decrease cat urine pH (make more acidic)

A

give vitamin C(ascorbic acid), methionine (amino aid found in meat), or increase the meat in diet

38
Q

possible reasons why urine is causing lawn damage

A

pH is alkaline, urine is concentrated (not enough water), contains a lot of ammonia from protein breakdown

39
Q

why if an animal pees in a spot, the center of the grass is lush but the outer ring is dead

A

inside is fertilized by nitrogen in urine

40
Q

this amino acid is essential for mammals, esp important in high producing dairy cattle (why?)

A

methionine (needed for milk protein production)

41
Q

methionine is considered a limited amino acid in mammals (dairy cattle esp) why?

A

1st amino acid to run out

42
Q

taurine deficiency in cats can lead to what issues

A

vision problems (retina damages), reproduction problems, heart problems (cardiomyopathy)

43
Q

serum samples from FIV positive cats show a (increase/decrease) in tryptophan levels and a (increase/decrease) in kynurenine
how do these 2 substances relate?

A

decreased tryptophan levels, increased kynurenine (a catabolite of tryptophan)

44
Q

how the “lawn rescue” medication works

A

lowers pH of urine via DL-methionine, brewers yeast (B vitamins), yucca, cranberry, etc.

45
Q

what is a novel protein

A

new to the animal, no previous exposure to it

46
Q

proteins that resist what are usually responsible for allergic reactions

A

proteins that resist heat of cooking, stomach acid, and intestinal digestive enzymes (cross the GI lining and enter bloodstream, go to organs)

47
Q

during the first exposure to an antigen, what happens

A

stimulates lymphocytes to produce antibodies specific to that antigen, antibodies attach to surface of mast cells

48
Q

what happens in body during the second exposure to allergen

A

allergens target the specific antibodies w/ mast cells, histamine and other chemicals are released from mast cell

49
Q

initial signs of food allergy

A

redness and swelling of mouth and throat

50
Q

signs of food allergy when food is being digested

A

v/d, nausea, abdominal pain

may be confused w food intolerance

51
Q

signs of food allergy when reaches bloodstream and skin

A

pruritis and uticaria (hives)

eosinophilic complex common in cats (uticaria + licking and itching)

52
Q

lactase deficiency is an examle of food allergy or food intolerance

A

food intolerance

53
Q

what “hypoallergenic diet” in food elimination trial means

A

a diet of foods the animal was not previously exposed to(not truly hypoallergenic)
hydrolyzed protein diets are truly hypoallergenic

54
Q

what is a hydrolyzed protein diet

A

contain altered proteins reduced in size to make them less antigenic (not recognized by immune system)

55
Q

what to do once an animal on a novel protein diet no longer shows signs of allergies (after 8 weeks min)

A

specific food components reintroduced individually, add for 1-2 weeks, if no signs reoccur add next component

56
Q

what is a complete protein

A

has all essential amino acids (quinoa for humans)

57
Q

2 most commonly identified food allergies in dogs and cats

A

1 beef

2 dairy

Practical Nutrition (20 decks)

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