Carbohydrates Flashcards
3 categories of carbohydrates
starches, sugars, fiber (cellulose and lignin)
which need carbs; dogs or cats? why?
dogs bc they are omnivores (up to 65% of diet)
cats can tolerate small amounts (up to 4g/kg/day)
enzyme in GI tract that breaks down sugars and starches, what is made as a result?
amylase
breaks sugars and starches down into glucose
lactase (in young mostly) breaks down milk (lactose) into what
glucose and galactose
what happens to lactose in adults lacking lactase enzymes
doesnt get digested, passed to large intestine, fermented
causes gas, bloating, diarrhea
why cats and dogs that eat honey, fruits, molasses, etc. can have diarrhea
cats/dogs only have small amounts of sucrase that is needed to breakdown sucrose
sucrose is broken down by sucrase into ->
glucose and fructose
soybeans (raffinose and stachyose complex sugars) break down into->
glucose, fructose, galactose->glucose
how to increase ability of animals to digest soybeans
gradually give small amounts, increases the microflora posessing enzyme to break soybeans down
define borborygmus
gut sound (plural= borborygmi)
why cooking increases the solubility and digestibility of carbs
denatures some sugars and other contents
soybeans are a good source of ____ for animals
a) carb
b) protein
c) fat
a and b
2 essential amino acids lacking from soy protein
methionine and taurine
methionine essential in dogs, cats need both
when starting a dog or cat on a soy protein diet, be sure to supplement what amino acids
methionine for dogs
methionine and taurine for cats
most digestible carb available
rice (a starch)
microbes in intestine make this enzyme to breakdown cellulose fiber in plants
cellulase
where cellulase is produced by microbes in ruminants, psuedo-ruminants, and hind-gut fermenters
ruminants/psuedo= rumen
hind-gut (horses, guinea pigs, rabbits)= cecum
what contains lignin
what mammals can digest it
tree bark
none can digest
dietary fiber supplies a significant amount of energy in
a) dogs and cats
b) ruminants and horses
c) all
b (there are no requirements for fiber in d/c diets)
insoluble fiber tends to ____ (speed up/slow down) GI emptying and ____(decrease/ increase) nutrient absorption
speeds up, decreases
soluble fiber tends to ____ (speed up/slow down) GI emptying and ____(decrease/ increase) nutrient absorption
slow down, increases
pectin from fruit is an example of soluble or insoluble fiber
soluble fiber
how dietary fiber helps nourish colonic cells
its fermentation leads to short chain fatty acids (nourish colonic cells)
why dietary fiber is beneficial to diabetic patients
slows down glucose absorption
what DISHAA is used to help diagnose
accesses mental acuity of dogs to diagnose CDS (cognitive dysfunction syndrome)
what DISHAA stands for
disorientation (social) interactions sleep/wake cycles house-soiling, leaning and memory activity (exploration/play) anxiety (increased separation or fear)
ideal fecal score (1-7)
2
differences in signs of small bowel issues and large bowel issues (associated w feces)
small= no straining, dark tarry blood(melena), rarely mucous, normal-larger amounts in volume
large=straining, bright fresh blood, mucous frequently present, smaller amounts in volume
ideal BCS for both d/c (1-9)
5 (4-5 in dogs)
why consumption of goats milk was frowned upon back in the day
cases of Brucella melitensis transmitted from goats to humans
why goats milk is easier to digest than cows milk
smaller milk proteins (casein) and smaller fat globules that are more easily broken down, produces soft curd rather than hard curd
why goat milk is better than cows milk
more thiamine, phosphorus, easier to digest
enzyme found in abomasum of calves used to clot milk
rennin
studies in britian suggested that SIDs (sudden infant death syndrome) is linked to what
cow milk allergies-> vomit and aspirate-> severe anaphylactic reaction to the antigen in their airways
main difference between insoluble and soluble fibers
insoluble- doesnt dissolve in water
soluble-dissolves in water
cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin are insoluble or soluble fibers
insoluble
most common and also least serious cause of canine diarrhea
dietary changes
2nd most common cause of canine diarrhea
parasitic infections
3rd most common cause of canine diarrhea
viral infections (ex corona or parvo)
most simple definition of diarrhea
stool w more water than usual
which is more serious, large or small intestine issues
small
a dog who comes in ataxic and vomiting, having eaten gum containing xylitol, will likely show (low or high) glucose in blood
abnormally low, hypoglycemia (production of large amounts of insulin)
1st sign of xylitol poisoning in dogs
what signs follow
1st= vomiting
followed may be= lethargy, ataxia, seizures
signs of xylitol poisoning occur ab how long after consumption?
how long until hypoglycemia occurs?
liver enzyme levels increase?
ab 30 minutes, hypoglycemia may not occur until 12 hours after
liver enzymes begin to increase within 6-12 hours
what organs can fail in xylitol poisoned dogs
hepatic failure (liver)
how to treat dog that has eaten xylitol
if dog is not symptomatic yet= emetics (bc ataxia may cause aspiration)
dextrose in hypoglycemic dogs
