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Practical Nutrition > Carbohydrates > Flashcards

Carbohydrates Flashcards

1
Q

3 categories of carbohydrates

A

starches, sugars, fiber (cellulose and lignin)

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2
Q

which need carbs; dogs or cats? why?

A

dogs bc they are omnivores (up to 65% of diet)

cats can tolerate small amounts (up to 4g/kg/day)

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3
Q

enzyme in GI tract that breaks down sugars and starches, what is made as a result?

A

amylase

breaks sugars and starches down into glucose

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4
Q

lactase (in young mostly) breaks down milk (lactose) into what

A

glucose and galactose

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5
Q

what happens to lactose in adults lacking lactase enzymes

A

doesnt get digested, passed to large intestine, fermented

causes gas, bloating, diarrhea

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6
Q

why cats and dogs that eat honey, fruits, molasses, etc. can have diarrhea

A

cats/dogs only have small amounts of sucrase that is needed to breakdown sucrose

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7
Q

sucrose is broken down by sucrase into ->

A

glucose and fructose

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8
Q

soybeans (raffinose and stachyose complex sugars) break down into->

A

glucose, fructose, galactose->glucose

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9
Q

how to increase ability of animals to digest soybeans

A

gradually give small amounts, increases the microflora posessing enzyme to break soybeans down

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10
Q

define borborygmus

A

gut sound (plural= borborygmi)

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11
Q

why cooking increases the solubility and digestibility of carbs

A

denatures some sugars and other contents

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12
Q

soybeans are a good source of ____ for animals

a) carb
b) protein
c) fat

A

a and b

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13
Q

2 essential amino acids lacking from soy protein

A

methionine and taurine

methionine essential in dogs, cats need both

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14
Q

when starting a dog or cat on a soy protein diet, be sure to supplement what amino acids

A

methionine for dogs

methionine and taurine for cats

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15
Q

most digestible carb available

A

rice (a starch)

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16
Q

microbes in intestine make this enzyme to breakdown cellulose fiber in plants

A

cellulase

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17
Q

where cellulase is produced by microbes in ruminants, psuedo-ruminants, and hind-gut fermenters

A

ruminants/psuedo= rumen

hind-gut (horses, guinea pigs, rabbits)= cecum

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18
Q

what contains lignin

what mammals can digest it

A

tree bark

none can digest

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19
Q

dietary fiber supplies a significant amount of energy in

a) dogs and cats
b) ruminants and horses
c) all

A

b (there are no requirements for fiber in d/c diets)

20
Q

insoluble fiber tends to ____ (speed up/slow down) GI emptying and ____(decrease/ increase) nutrient absorption

A

speeds up, decreases

21
Q

soluble fiber tends to ____ (speed up/slow down) GI emptying and ____(decrease/ increase) nutrient absorption

A

slow down, increases

22
Q

pectin from fruit is an example of soluble or insoluble fiber

A

soluble fiber

23
Q

how dietary fiber helps nourish colonic cells

A

its fermentation leads to short chain fatty acids (nourish colonic cells)

24
Q

why dietary fiber is beneficial to diabetic patients

A

slows down glucose absorption

25
Q

what DISHAA is used to help diagnose

A

accesses mental acuity of dogs to diagnose CDS (cognitive dysfunction syndrome)

26
Q

what DISHAA stands for

A 
disorientation
(social) interactions
sleep/wake cycles
house-soiling, leaning and memory
activity (exploration/play)
anxiety (increased separation or fear)
27
Q

ideal fecal score (1-7)

A

2

28
Q

differences in signs of small bowel issues and large bowel issues (associated w feces)

A

small= no straining, dark tarry blood(melena), rarely mucous, normal-larger amounts in volume
large=straining, bright fresh blood, mucous frequently present, smaller amounts in volume

29
Q

ideal BCS for both d/c (1-9)

A

5 (4-5 in dogs)

30
Q

why consumption of goats milk was frowned upon back in the day

A

cases of Brucella melitensis transmitted from goats to humans

31
Q

why goats milk is easier to digest than cows milk

A

smaller milk proteins (casein) and smaller fat globules that are more easily broken down, produces soft curd rather than hard curd

32
Q

why goat milk is better than cows milk

A

more thiamine, phosphorus, easier to digest

33
Q

enzyme found in abomasum of calves used to clot milk

A

rennin

34
Q

studies in britian suggested that SIDs (sudden infant death syndrome) is linked to what

A

cow milk allergies-> vomit and aspirate-> severe anaphylactic reaction to the antigen in their airways

35
Q

main difference between insoluble and soluble fibers

A

insoluble- doesnt dissolve in water

soluble-dissolves in water

36
Q

cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin are insoluble or soluble fibers

A

insoluble

37
Q

most common and also least serious cause of canine diarrhea

A

dietary changes

38
Q

2nd most common cause of canine diarrhea

A

parasitic infections

39
Q

3rd most common cause of canine diarrhea

A

viral infections (ex corona or parvo)

40
Q

most simple definition of diarrhea

A

stool w more water than usual

41
Q

which is more serious, large or small intestine issues

A

small

42
Q

a dog who comes in ataxic and vomiting, having eaten gum containing xylitol, will likely show (low or high) glucose in blood

A

abnormally low, hypoglycemia (production of large amounts of insulin)

43
Q

1st sign of xylitol poisoning in dogs

what signs follow

A

1st= vomiting

followed may be= lethargy, ataxia, seizures

44
Q

signs of xylitol poisoning occur ab how long after consumption?
how long until hypoglycemia occurs?
liver enzyme levels increase?

A

ab 30 minutes, hypoglycemia may not occur until 12 hours after
liver enzymes begin to increase within 6-12 hours

45
Q

what organs can fail in xylitol poisoned dogs

A

hepatic failure (liver)

46
Q

how to treat dog that has eaten xylitol

A

if dog is not symptomatic yet= emetics (bc ataxia may cause aspiration)
dextrose in hypoglycemic dogs

Practical Nutrition (20 decks)

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