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Nutrition > Vitamin A and Carotenes > Flashcards

Vitamin A and Carotenes Flashcards

1
Q

Vitamin A refers to several compounds that possess activity of ______ and ______.

A

retinol and retinal

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2
Q

What are the functions of Vitamin A?

A

Cell differentiation and gene transcription, vision, embryonic development and repro, skin health, bone growth, hematopoiesis, immune modulation, and anti-oxidant activity

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3
Q

True or False: you can find retinol in plant materials.

A

False

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4
Q

Where is retinol found?

A

only in animal liver and fat

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5
Q

What are carotenes?

A

plant precursors of vitamin A

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6
Q

Where are carotenoids found?

A

in high levels of fresh yellow, red, green, and orange plants

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7
Q

What are carotenoids not found in?

A

old corn stover or old hay

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8
Q

What is the most abundant carotenoid?

A

beta-carotine

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9
Q

Where is beta-carotine converted into retinal?

A

in intestinal epithelial cells

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10
Q

What species have no ability to convert carotenes to retinol?

A

cats, mink, and raptors

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11
Q

Since cats cannot convert carotenes into retinol, what must be in their diet?

A

retinol/retinl esters

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12
Q

What animal also should have retinol in their diet because they cannot convert carotenes into retinol very well?

A

pigs

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13
Q

What does cooking food do to carotenes?

A

it frees up some from vegetables, but destroys others

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14
Q

What are some vitamin A supplements that can be added into a diet?

A

Retinyl palmitate and retinyl acetate

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15
Q

What can destroy vitamin A in feeds?

A

pelleting, extrusion, and moisture

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16
Q

Retinol is a prohormone, what must it be converted into in order to be used?

A

retinoic acid (a hormone)

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17
Q

During bone growth, what is vitamin A vital in?

A

the proper remodeling of bones

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18
Q

How can vitamin A deficiency affect bone growth?

A

it can cause cessation of endochondral bone elongation, though periosteal bone growth is unaffected

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19
Q

In respect to embryonic development and reproduction, what does vitamin A deficiency cause?

A

it causes decreased fertility, abortions, malformed fetuses, and teratology

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20
Q

What is teratology?

A

testicular degeneration with poor sperm talks

21
Q

When a cow is vitamin A deficient, what are the ailments of the calves that they give birth to?

A

they have domed heads, thickened carpal joints, all of the foramina in bones are narrowed which causes blindness, and cerebrospinal fluid pressure is increased

22
Q

How does vitamin A deficiency affect epithelial cells?

A

it causes atrophy and metaplasia to cells and their secretion of mucus decreases

23
Q

What are the original epithelial cells replaced by in vitamin A deficient animals?

A

the original epithelial cells are replaced by stratified keratinized epithelium

24
Q

What is metaplasia?

A

simply a change in tissue type

25
Q

How does vitamin A deficiency affect the immune system?

A

primary and secondary lymphoid organs are reduced, antibody titers are reduces, and cell-mediated immunity is compromised

26
Q

How does vitamin A deficiency affect vision?

A

night blindness; in severe cases it causes eyes to loos pupillary light reflex

27
Q

What is keratomalacia?

A

corneal metaplasia, as vitamin a controls cell differentiation

28
Q

What is xeropthalmia?

A

dryness and thickening of the conjunctiva develops because the secreting epithelium is replaced by a keratinized epithelium in vitamin A deficient species

29
Q

Where are the highest levels of beta-carotine found in animals?

A

in the corpus luteum

30
Q

When are herbivores likely to get vitamin A deficient?

A

when they are on all hay diets or dry withered pasture by the end of winter

31
Q

When are cats likely to get vitamin A deficient?

A

if liver is withheld from their diet or no retinyl ester is added to the diet

32
Q

What is a vitamin A deficiency specifically to turtles?

A

Hypovitaminosis

33
Q

What is hypovitaminosis?

A

when the squamous metaplasia of orbital glands and ducts which

34
Q

What are symptoms of hypovitaminosis?

A

swollen eyelids, loss of weight, raw skin, abnormal eyes in embryos

35
Q

What is a vitamin A deficiency in birds?

A

caged avian vitamin A deficiency (not really a specific name but whatever)

36
Q

When do birds usually get caged avian vitamin A deficiency?

A

when they are fed seed based diets

37
Q

What are symptoms of caged avian vitamin A deficiency?

A

hyperkeratosis (white plaques) in and around the mouth, eyes, and sinuses

38
Q

What are some chronic conditions associated with vitamin A deficiency?

A

conjunctivitis, sinusitis, and bumblefoot

39
Q

What are symptoms of vitamin A toxicity?

A

anorexia, thickened skin, accelerated resorption of bone and cartilage and accelerated formation of periosteal bone, premature closer of physis of bones

40
Q

How can cats get vitamin A toxicity?

A

they are fed too much liver

41
Q

What are some symptoms that cats get when they have vitamin A toxicity?

A

excessive resorption of bone, subperiosteal bone formation, exostosis, and the fusion of joints

42
Q

What is exostosis?

A

bone forming in tendon sheaths and other places bone is not normally found

43
Q

What does vitamin A toxicity eventually lead to in cats?

A

the complete fusion of the spine

44
Q

What is a vitamin A toxicity in cattle?

A

hyena disease of cattle

45
Q

What can cause hyena disease?

A

administration of large amounts of vitamin A to young calves

46
Q

What is hyena disease?

A

the premature closure of the physes, especially those in the hind limbs

47
Q

What is the end result to a calf with hyena disease?

A

they have depressed skeletal growth characterized by hind legs that are considerable shorter than the front legs

48
Q

What liver should you not feed to an animal?

A

POLAR BEAR - it has too much vitamin A per gram

Nutrition (28 decks)

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