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Nutrition > Midterm - Lecture 7 > Flashcards

Midterm - Lecture 7 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the normal concentration of calcium in the blood?

A

.45% in plasma and extracellular fluids

10 mg/dl

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2
Q

What is the normal concentration of phosphorus in the blood?

A

4-8 mg/dl

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3
Q

What is the normal concentration of Magnesium in the blood?

A

1.8-2.4 mg/dl

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4
Q

How can the normal concentration of magnesium in the blood be lowered?

A

by increasing renal excretion of Mg once plasma Mg exceeds threshold

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5
Q

What are the extracellular functions of Ca?

A

skeletal tissue, transmission of nerve-impulses, excitation of skeletal and cardiac muscles, blood clotting, component of milk and egg shells

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6
Q

What are the intracellular functions of Ca?

A

critical for activity of enzymes and second messenger for hormone signals

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7
Q

What do low levels of blood Ca lead to?

A

hypocalcemia

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8
Q

What can hypocalcemia cause?

A

tetany, paresis, reduced cardiac muscle strength, bone dissoultion, osteoporosis, osteodystrophy

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9
Q

What do high levels of plasma Ca lead to?

A

hypercalcemia and calcification of soft tissues

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10
Q

What is phosphorus’ role in the blood?

A

control of blood pH

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11
Q

What is the role of the parathyroid hormone?

A

it is critical to keep blood Ca at 9-10 mg/dl

used to decrease the Ca excretion by the kidney

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12
Q

When does passive paracellular calcium absorption happen?

A

only occurs if diet calcium is high enough to raise Ca in the lumen of the gut above 6 Mm ionized calcium

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13
Q

What does active transcellular transport of calcium require?

A

the hormone form of Vitamin D to transport it across the intestinal wall

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14
Q

How do hindgut fermentors absorb calcium?

A

intestine absorbs calcium with high efficiency all the time even in the absence of Vitamin D

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15
Q

What is the role of Vitamin D?

A
  • required nutrient only in the absence of adequate exposure to sunlight for many species
  • required for the active transcellular transport across the intestinal wall
  • required for the absorption of phosphorus
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16
Q

What is the roll of fibroblast growth factor 23?

A
  • shuts off production of the vitamin D hormone

- If blood P is low, bone cells cease the production of this to allow more vitamin D production hence more P absorption

17
Q

When does milk fever occur?

A

when the blood calcium levels are low

alkalosis

18
Q

What are some side effects of milk fever?

A

reduces muscle function, reduces feed intake, reduces immune function

19
Q

When does caged layer fatigue occur?

A

when the blood calcium levels are low, hens pull calcium out of their bones and put it into the shell of the eggs they are laying

20
Q

What are the side effects of caged layer fatigue?

A

long term bone fractures, lay eggs with very thin eggshells, will cause osteoporosis

21
Q

What happens during eclampsia in dogs, mare, and sow?

A

the mammary gland will remove more calcium from the blood than the diet can replace

22
Q

What is Vitamin D3?

A

choleocalciferol

23
Q

How is Vitamin D3 synthesized?

A

made by irradiating skin of most species - dog and cat skin cannot make

24
Q

What is Vitamin D2?

A

Eragocalciferol

25
Q

Where is Vitamin D2 found?

A

in sun cured plant products, mushrooms, and sunlight irradiated yeast

26
Q

What does vitamin D toxicity cause?

A

soft tissue calcification, weight loss, kidney failure

27
Q

Why are rodenticides toxic?

A

they contain high levels of Vitamin D

28
Q

What is Enteque seco?

A

the wasting disease of cattle, sheep, and horses in Argentina caused by the leaves of Solanum Malacoxylon which contain large amounts of Vitamin D

29
Q

What does enteque seco cause?

A

rapid hypercalcemia, metastatic calcification of soft tissues, death

30
Q

What are the diet sources of calcium?

A

dairy products, forages and plant based products, limestone, bone meal

31
Q

What is a poor source of calcium?

A

grain

32
Q

What are the diet sources of phosphorus?

A

meat, bone meal, grain, monosodium phosphate, dicalcium phosphate, monocalcium phosphate

33
Q

What is a poor source of phosphorus?

A

forage

34
Q

What are the diet sources of Vitamin D?

A

alfalfa, corn, molasses, liver

Nutrition (28 decks)

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