Midterm - Lecture 6 Flashcards
How many double bonded carbons are there in fully saturated fatty acids?
none
What are fully saturated fatty acids at room temp?
solid
What are fully saturated fatty acids made up of primarily?
animal sources and tropical plants
What are the two types of unsaturated fatty acids?
mono or poly unsaturated
How many double bonded carbons are there in unsaturated fatty acids?
one or more
What are unsaturated fatty acids made up of primarily?
plant sources
What are unsaturated fatty acids at room temp?
oils or liquid
What are unsaturated fatty acids vulnerable to?
rencidification (hydrolysis/oxidation)
How do you name unsaturated fatty acids?
name the place where the first double bond is
count from the methyl end to the carboxyl group
What is the omega naming system?
the system uses distance from omega (last) carbon of the first double bonds
What are fats and oils?
mono, di, or triglycerides
What is the most common lipid form in plants and animals?
fats and oils
What are waxes?
esters of fatty acids attached to alcohols or other fatty acids rather than glycerol
What can sterols and steroids be used for?
cholesterol, bile acids, steroid hormones
NOT energy
What are eicosanoids?
the collective term for derivatives of 3 different essential fatty acids
- leukotrienes
- prostaglandins, prostacyclins, and thromboxanes
What are the 7 types of lipids?
fats and oils, waxes, sterols and steroids, eicosanoids, vitamin alcohols, quinones, compound lipids
How many carbons are in short fatty acids?
6 or less
What are short chain fatty acids considered?
volatile fatty acids from anaerobic fermentation
How are short chain fatty acids absorbed?
directly across intestinal mucousa
What animals are short chain fatty acids important in
?
important energy source for ruminants and hind gut fermentors
What is acetate?
2 carbon short chain fatty acid, vinegar
What is propionate?
3 carbon short chain fatty acid, gluconeogenic
What is butyric?
4 carbon short chain fatty acid
How many carbons are in medium chain fatty acids?
8-12 carbons
Where are medium chain fatty acids found?
goat and mare milk
What is caprylic acid?
8 carbon medium chain fatty acid that contributes to billy goat stench
How many carbons are in long chain fatty acids?
14-24 carbons
What are long chain fatty acids bound to?
triglycerides
In terrestrial animals are the majority of carbons in fatty acids even or odd?
even
In marine algae how are the carbon chains characterized?
odd, and can make longer chains than in mammals
How are long chain fatty acids metabolized?
they are incorporated into micelles to be absorbed across the intestinal mucousa where they enter the lymphatics
Why do fats go rancid?
because the C=C becomes hydrolyzed
How are the double bonded carbons in trans fatty acids characterized?
the carbons are on opposite sides of the double bond - in trans formation
What happens to trans fatty acids in the body?
they hang out in the bloodstream because they are unable to metabolize or remove from the body
What effect do trans fatty acids have on the health?
atherosclerosis, coronary heart disease, alzheimers, cancer, diabetes and obesity
What is the structure of conjugated linoleic acids?
where one of the double bonds is in cis configuration and one is in trans configuration with one saturated bond between double bonds
Where are conjugated linoleic acids produced?
by bacteria within the rumen of ruminents
What does conjugated linoleic acids do to pigs?
makes them lean
What is linoleic acid used for and what is it a precursor for?
energy and storage
arachidonic acid in dogs
What is alpha-linoleic acid used for and what is it a precursor for?
energy use and storage
eicosapentaenoic acid
What is gamma-linolenic acid used for and what is it a precursor for?
energy use and storage
arachidonic acid
What is arachidonic acid and what is it used for?
in cats, used for energy use and storage
membrane fluidity, synthesis of cytokines, eicosanoids, and steroid hormones
What are the Omega 3 fatty acids?
Linolenic acid (most common)
Eicosapentaenoic acid
Docosahexaenoic acid
What are the omega 6 fatty acids?
Linoleic acid (most common)
Gamma-linolenic acid
Dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid
arachidonic acid
What are the omega 9 fatty acids?
oleic acid
