Midterm - Lecture 6

Question 1

How many double bonded carbons are there in fully saturated fatty acids?

Answer 1

none

Question 2

What are fully saturated fatty acids at room temp?

Answer 2

solid

Question 3

What are fully saturated fatty acids made up of primarily?

Answer 3

animal sources and tropical plants

Question 4

What are the two types of unsaturated fatty acids?

Answer 4

mono or poly unsaturated

Question 5

How many double bonded carbons are there in unsaturated fatty acids?

Answer 5

one or more

Question 6

What are unsaturated fatty acids made up of primarily?

Answer 6

plant sources

Question 7

What are unsaturated fatty acids at room temp?

Answer 7

oils or liquid

Question 8

What are unsaturated fatty acids vulnerable to?

Answer 8

rencidification (hydrolysis/oxidation)

Question 9

How do you name unsaturated fatty acids?

Answer 9

name the place where the first double bond is

count from the methyl end to the carboxyl group

Question 10

What is the omega naming system?

Answer 10

the system uses distance from omega (last) carbon of the first double bonds

Question 11

What are fats and oils?

Answer 11

mono, di, or triglycerides

Question 12

What is the most common lipid form in plants and animals?

Answer 12

fats and oils

Question 13

What are waxes?

Answer 13

esters of fatty acids attached to alcohols or other fatty acids rather than glycerol

Question 14

What can sterols and steroids be used for?

Answer 14

cholesterol, bile acids, steroid hormones

NOT energy

Question 15

What are eicosanoids?

Answer 15

the collective term for derivatives of 3 different essential fatty acids

• leukotrienes
• prostaglandins, prostacyclins, and thromboxanes

Question 16

What are the 7 types of lipids?

Answer 16

fats and oils, waxes, sterols and steroids, eicosanoids, vitamin alcohols, quinones, compound lipids

Question 17

How many carbons are in short fatty acids?

Answer 17

6 or less

Question 18

What are short chain fatty acids considered?

Answer 18

volatile fatty acids from anaerobic fermentation

Question 19

How are short chain fatty acids absorbed?

Answer 19

directly across intestinal mucousa

Question 20

What animals are short chain fatty acids important in

?

Answer 20

important energy source for ruminants and hind gut fermentors

Question 21

What is acetate?

Answer 21

2 carbon short chain fatty acid, vinegar

Question 22

What is propionate?

Answer 22

3 carbon short chain fatty acid, gluconeogenic

Question 23

What is butyric?

Answer 23

4 carbon short chain fatty acid

Question 24

How many carbons are in medium chain fatty acids?

Answer 24

8-12 carbons

Question 25

Where are medium chain fatty acids found?

Answer 25

goat and mare milk

Question 26

What is caprylic acid?

Answer 26

8 carbon medium chain fatty acid that contributes to billy goat stench

Question 27

How many carbons are in long chain fatty acids?

Answer 27

14-24 carbons

Question 28

What are long chain fatty acids bound to?

Answer 28

triglycerides

Question 29

In terrestrial animals are the majority of carbons in fatty acids even or odd?

Answer 29

even

Question 30

In marine algae how are the carbon chains characterized?

Answer 30

odd, and can make longer chains than in mammals

Question 31

How are long chain fatty acids metabolized?

Answer 31

they are incorporated into micelles to be absorbed across the intestinal mucousa where they enter the lymphatics

Question 32

Why do fats go rancid?

Answer 32

because the C=C becomes hydrolyzed

Question 33

How are the double bonded carbons in trans fatty acids characterized?

Answer 33

the carbons are on opposite sides of the double bond - in trans formation

Question 34

What happens to trans fatty acids in the body?

Answer 34

they hang out in the bloodstream because they are unable to metabolize or remove from the body

Question 35

What effect do trans fatty acids have on the health?

Answer 35

atherosclerosis, coronary heart disease, alzheimers, cancer, diabetes and obesity

Question 36

What is the structure of conjugated linoleic acids?

Answer 36

where one of the double bonds is in cis configuration and one is in trans configuration with one saturated bond between double bonds

Question 37

Where are conjugated linoleic acids produced?

Answer 37

by bacteria within the rumen of ruminents

Question 38

What does conjugated linoleic acids do to pigs?

Answer 38

makes them lean

Question 39

What is linoleic acid used for and what is it a precursor for?

Answer 39

energy and storage | arachidonic acid in dogs

Question 40

What is alpha-linoleic acid used for and what is it a precursor for?

Answer 40

energy use and storage | eicosapentaenoic acid

Question 41

What is gamma-linolenic acid used for and what is it a precursor for?

Answer 41

energy use and storage | arachidonic acid

Question 42

What is arachidonic acid and what is it used for?

Answer 42

in cats, used for energy use and storage | membrane fluidity, synthesis of cytokines, eicosanoids, and steroid hormones

Question 43

What are the Omega 3 fatty acids?

Answer 43

Linolenic acid (most common) Eicosapentaenoic acid Docosahexaenoic acid

Question 44

What are the omega 6 fatty acids?

Answer 44

Linoleic acid (most common) Gamma-linolenic acid Dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid arachidonic acid

Question 45

What are the omega 9 fatty acids?

Answer 45

oleic acid