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Nutrition > Midterm - Lecture 6 > Flashcards

Midterm - Lecture 6 Flashcards

1
Q

How many double bonded carbons are there in fully saturated fatty acids?

A

none

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2
Q

What are fully saturated fatty acids at room temp?

A

solid

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3
Q

What are fully saturated fatty acids made up of primarily?

A

animal sources and tropical plants

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4
Q

What are the two types of unsaturated fatty acids?

A

mono or poly unsaturated

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5
Q

How many double bonded carbons are there in unsaturated fatty acids?

A

one or more

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6
Q

What are unsaturated fatty acids made up of primarily?

A

plant sources

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7
Q

What are unsaturated fatty acids at room temp?

A

oils or liquid

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8
Q

What are unsaturated fatty acids vulnerable to?

A

rencidification (hydrolysis/oxidation)

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9
Q

How do you name unsaturated fatty acids?

A

name the place where the first double bond is

count from the methyl end to the carboxyl group

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10
Q

What is the omega naming system?

A

the system uses distance from omega (last) carbon of the first double bonds

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11
Q

What are fats and oils?

A

mono, di, or triglycerides

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12
Q

What is the most common lipid form in plants and animals?

A

fats and oils

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13
Q

What are waxes?

A

esters of fatty acids attached to alcohols or other fatty acids rather than glycerol

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14
Q

What can sterols and steroids be used for?

A

cholesterol, bile acids, steroid hormones

NOT energy

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15
Q

What are eicosanoids?

A

the collective term for derivatives of 3 different essential fatty acids

  • leukotrienes
  • prostaglandins, prostacyclins, and thromboxanes
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16
Q

What are the 7 types of lipids?

A

fats and oils, waxes, sterols and steroids, eicosanoids, vitamin alcohols, quinones, compound lipids

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17
Q

How many carbons are in short fatty acids?

A

6 or less

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18
Q

What are short chain fatty acids considered?

A

volatile fatty acids from anaerobic fermentation

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19
Q

How are short chain fatty acids absorbed?

A

directly across intestinal mucousa

20
Q

What animals are short chain fatty acids important in

?

A

important energy source for ruminants and hind gut fermentors

21
Q

What is acetate?

A

2 carbon short chain fatty acid, vinegar

22
Q

What is propionate?

A

3 carbon short chain fatty acid, gluconeogenic

23
Q

What is butyric?

A

4 carbon short chain fatty acid

24
Q

How many carbons are in medium chain fatty acids?

A

8-12 carbons

25
Q

Where are medium chain fatty acids found?

A

goat and mare milk

26
Q

What is caprylic acid?

A

8 carbon medium chain fatty acid that contributes to billy goat stench

27
Q

How many carbons are in long chain fatty acids?

A

14-24 carbons

28
Q

What are long chain fatty acids bound to?

A

triglycerides

29
Q

In terrestrial animals are the majority of carbons in fatty acids even or odd?

A

even

30
Q

In marine algae how are the carbon chains characterized?

A

odd, and can make longer chains than in mammals

31
Q

How are long chain fatty acids metabolized?

A

they are incorporated into micelles to be absorbed across the intestinal mucousa where they enter the lymphatics

32
Q

Why do fats go rancid?

A

because the C=C becomes hydrolyzed

33
Q

How are the double bonded carbons in trans fatty acids characterized?

A

the carbons are on opposite sides of the double bond - in trans formation

34
Q

What happens to trans fatty acids in the body?

A

they hang out in the bloodstream because they are unable to metabolize or remove from the body

35
Q

What effect do trans fatty acids have on the health?

A

atherosclerosis, coronary heart disease, alzheimers, cancer, diabetes and obesity

36
Q

What is the structure of conjugated linoleic acids?

A

where one of the double bonds is in cis configuration and one is in trans configuration with one saturated bond between double bonds

37
Q

Where are conjugated linoleic acids produced?

A

by bacteria within the rumen of ruminents

38
Q

What does conjugated linoleic acids do to pigs?

A

makes them lean

39
Q

What is linoleic acid used for and what is it a precursor for?

A

energy and storage

arachidonic acid in dogs

40
Q

What is alpha-linoleic acid used for and what is it a precursor for?

A

energy use and storage

eicosapentaenoic acid

41
Q

What is gamma-linolenic acid used for and what is it a precursor for?

A

energy use and storage

arachidonic acid

42
Q

What is arachidonic acid and what is it used for?

A

in cats, used for energy use and storage

membrane fluidity, synthesis of cytokines, eicosanoids, and steroid hormones

43
Q

What are the Omega 3 fatty acids?

A

Linolenic acid (most common)
Eicosapentaenoic acid
Docosahexaenoic acid

44
Q

What are the omega 6 fatty acids?

A

Linoleic acid (most common)
Gamma-linolenic acid
Dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid
arachidonic acid

45
Q

What are the omega 9 fatty acids?

A

oleic acid

Nutrition (28 decks)

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