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Nutrition > Midterm - Lecture 11 > Flashcards

Midterm - Lecture 11 Flashcards

1
Q

What is urolithiasis?

A

stones in the urethra, bladder, kidney of various species

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2
Q

What gender suffers urethral blockages more?

A

males due to a narrower urethra

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3
Q

What is a struvite stones characteristics?

A

tend to be finer sand like particles, composed of MgNH4PO4 6H2O

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4
Q

What species are struvite stones found in?

A

cats and ruminants

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5
Q

What is a silica urolith stones characteristics?

A

high in silica, sandy soils

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6
Q

What species are silica urolith stones found in?

A

ruminants

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7
Q

How are calcium oxalate stones formed?

A

oxalate formed in body or consumed binds Ca and forms insoluble crystal precipitate

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8
Q

What species are calcium oxalate stones found in?

A

all species

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9
Q

What species commonly get calcium carbonate mucoprotein stones?

A

horses and rabits

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10
Q

Where are urate stones commonly found?

A

dalmations

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11
Q

What species are cystine stones commonly found in?

A

Newfoundlands and labradors

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12
Q

What do stones form as a result of?

A

infection, animal somehow fails to make factors that inhibit crystallization, urine solutes rise high enough or pH changes enough to cause precipitation of minerals

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13
Q

How does infection lead to stones?

A

protein and neutrophils accumulate in urine and form crystals
bacterial urease breaks down urea to NH4 which raises the pH

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14
Q

How do you treat urolithiasis?

A
  • get the animal to produce more dilute urine
  • acidify the urine IF stone is more soluble in acid
  • avoid over-supplemental with minerals that are contributing to uroliths
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15
Q

How do you get the animal to produce more dilute urine?

A

add salt to the diet, small effect until about 2-3% salt

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16
Q

How do you acidify the urine?

A

add anions to the diet; preferably chloride salts

17
Q

What stones should you acidify the urine for?

A

struvite, ca phosphate concretions, silicate based stones

18
Q

Which stones should you NOT acidify the urine for?

A

ca oxalate (worsens by acid urine), urate crystals, cysteine crystals (acid is a precipitate for cysteine)

19
Q

In small animals, how do you acidify the urine?

A

add NH4Cl in small amounts to get the urine pH to 6-6.5

20
Q

What amino acids are used for acidifying urine in small animals?

A

methionine and cysteine because they are sulfur containing amino acids

21
Q

In ruminants and horses, how do you acidify the urine?

A

use HClproducts, try to get the urine pH below 7

22
Q

What minerals do you want to avoid that contribute to uroliths?

A

magnesium, calcium, and oxalate precursors

23
Q

Which food is better to feed cats in order to prevent uroliths?

A

Wet food because it contains more ml/g than dry food

24
Q

What is the typical urine pH of ruminants?

A

alkaline 7.8-8.5

25
Q

What are the common causes of uroliths in ruminants?

A
  • sheep ingest soil as the crop grass to ground
  • often linked to too much phosphorus in the diet
  • sodium oxalate containing plants
  • bacterial infection
26
Q

What are the common causes of horse uroliths?

A
  • high potassium from forages

- calcium carbonate

27
Q

How does the kidney of a horse play a role in uroliths that it can get?

A

use the kidney to control blood Ca by excreting excess Ca from diet absorption, the Ca typically stays in the bladder

28
Q

What is the best way to cure uroliths in horses?

A

cut calcium in the diet and if that does not work, acidify the urine

29
Q

What is the cause of cysteine uroliths?

A

a genetic defect in Newfoundlands, labradors, and some cats that fails to reabsorb cysteine after it is filtered across the kidney

30
Q

Why do dalmations get urate uroliths?

A

because they cannot metabolize uric acid

31
Q

How do you prevent urate uroliths in dalmations?

A

avoid feeding DNA

32
Q

What are the attributes of struvite dissolution diets?

A
  • Encourages water intake
  • Has higher fat to get metabolic water produced
  • Utilizes only animal proteins – higher in S-amino acids and generally better utilized
  • Drops urine pH below 6.1 – uses ammonium chloride, calcium chloride, calcium sulfate, DL-methionine
  • No excess protein, magnesium and phosphorus
  • Few oxides or carbonates minerals
33
Q

What are the attributes of struvite prevention diet?

A

similar to struvite dissolution diets but the acidifying action is less

Nutrition (28 decks)

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