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PHG 203 > VISUAL SHIT > Flashcards

VISUAL SHIT Flashcards

1
Q

light stimuli is——- waves

A

electromagnetic

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2
Q

Shape of the eye is Approximately——-

A

spherical

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3
Q

The eye has a A tough outer—- layer made of—- ,— ,——

  • A middle layer made of——,—-,—-
  • An inner neural layer made of ——
A

fibrous

sclera conjuctiva cornea

ciliary body iris choroid

retina

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4
Q

from out-in=___-____-retina

A

sclera

choroid

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5
Q

Nerve fibers leaves the eye at the——-

A

optic disc

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6
Q

Blood vessels supplying the retina enter and leaves the eye through the ——

A

Optic disc

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7
Q

blood vessels that run over the inner surface of the retina can be examined with an——- (very useful for——- or—— patients)

A

ophthalmoscope

diabetic

hypertensive

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8
Q

The two inner chamber of the eye contain the anterior —— and posterior—— humor, suspended between these two is the——-.

A

aqueous

vitreous

lens

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9
Q

The shape of the eye is maintained by an——- of approximately ——mmHg.

A

intraocular pressure

15

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10
Q

Intraocular pressure itself is maintained by the——-

A

balance between the formation and drainage of aqueous humor.

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11
Q

aqueous humor is secreted by the——— and flows from—— chamber to——- chamber

A

Ciliary processes

posterior

anterior

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12
Q

Aqueous humor Drains through the———

A

canal of Schwemn

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13
Q

abnormal elevation of intraoccular pressure is called ‘——-’ and if untreated can lead to——-

A

glaucoma

blindness

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14
Q

eye can distinguish two qualities of light: its—— and its———

A

brightness

wavelength

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15
Q

For humans, the wavelengths between—— and—— nanometers are called visible light

A

400

750

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16
Q

Visual acuity is highest at a—— point of the retina, called the ——-; light is focused at a depression , called the ——-

A

central

macula

fovea

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17
Q

How many muscles of eye movement do we have?…

List them

A

6

4 rectus muscles(Superior, inferior, lateral and medial)
-Two oblique muscles(Superior and inferior)

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18
Q

INNERVATION of the muscles of eye movement?

A

lat rectus and sup oblique are controlled by CN6 and CN4 respectively
-all others by C.N III

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19
Q

List and define 4 types of movement of the eye

A

conjugate movement or version:both eyes moving in the same direction

  • disjunctive movement or vergences: both eyes moving in opposite direction like in accommodation
  • rapid movement or saccades:altering fixation from one object to another
  • smooth movement or pursuit:the eyes are fixed on a moving object
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20
Q

In what direction does the superior oblique move the eye?

A

Downwards

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21
Q

Light is Focused by the———-

A

Cornea and Lens

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22
Q

Most of the focusing of light is done by the—— which is a transparent section of the——

A

cornea

sclera

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23
Q

Cornea and Lens. Which is elastic, and which has fixed focus

A

Cornea is non-adjustable (fixed focus)

-Lens (very elastic) gives fine adjustment to focus

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24
Q

Lenses give—— images

A

inverted

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25
Q

The—— Controls the Amount of Light Entering the Eye by——-

A

Iris

constricting and dilating

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26
Q

The—— is the hole in the center of the iris

A

pupil

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27
Q

The iris has 2 rings of muscles: —- to—— pupil) and —— to—— pupil

A

Sphincter ; constrict

dilator

open

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28
Q

INNERVATION of the muscles of the iris

A

sphincter: CN3(para)

- dilator:sympathetic nerves

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29
Q

Lenses—— light waves

A

refract

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30
Q

The more curved the lens surface the more——-

A

refraction

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31
Q

The lens is held in place by——-

A

suspensory ligaments

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32
Q

Contraction of ciliary muscle—— ligaments leading to lens curvature ——- (for—— vision)

A

relaxes

increasing

near

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33
Q

Relaxation of ciliary muscle leads to lens——- and—— curvature (for—- vision)

A

flattening

less

far

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34
Q

ciliary muscle is controlled by—— nerve

A

Occulomotor

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35
Q

The refractive power of the lens is made greater by increasing its——-

A

surface curvature

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36
Q

power of accommodation is about—— at childhood

A

10D

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37
Q

Decrease in accommodation of the lens with age is called——?

A

Presbyopia

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38
Q

When focusing at infinity, the lens is pulled——- by tension in the zonule

A

flat

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39
Q

Another name for zonules is??

A

lens ligament

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40
Q

Miosis is??

A

Constriction of pupil

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41
Q

Constriction of pupil Results in better or worse depth of focus ??

A

Better

42
Q

mydriasis is —-?

A

Dilation of pupil

43
Q

Mention hard drugs that constrict or dilate the pupil

A

Constrict: heroin

Dilate: cocaine, amohetamines,marijuana, lsd

44
Q

Hypermetropia is corrected by —-

Myopia is corrected by —-

A

corrected by convex lens

Corrected with concave lens

45
Q

Hypermetropia is also called ——

Myopia is also called ——

A

long-sightedness, farsightedness

short- sightedness, nearsightedness

46
Q

In Hypermetropia The axis of the eye is too—- and images of ——— object are focused —— the retina

A

short

Close

Behind

47
Q

In Myopia, The axis of the eye is too—- and images of —— objects are focused——- the retina

A

long

Far

in front of

48
Q

Astigmatism is corrected with ———

A

Corrected by cylindrical lens

49
Q

astigmatism is majorly due to issue with —— and sometimes ——

A

Cornea

Lens

50
Q

Define astigmatism

A

The curvature of the cornea (or occasionally the lens) is different in one plane from that in another , therefore giving different degrees of refraction in different planes.

51
Q

Near point @ 20 years???

Near point @ age 50 – 60

A

about 10cm

About 80cm

52
Q

Presbyopia is due to —- increase and loss of ——— of the lens

A

inelastic crystalline core (lens nucleus) increases in size and the surrounding lens capsule loses its elasticity

53
Q

Cataract are——- of the—— and are common in the——.

A

opacities

lens

elderly

54
Q

Action potentials are not generated until the ganglion cells——-

A

converge at the optic disc

55
Q

The optic disc is also known as the ——

A

Blind spot

56
Q

Optic nerves synapse at the ——-

A

lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus

57
Q

Optic nerves from the—- half of each retina decussate at the——-

A

nasal

optic chiasm

58
Q

optic nerves from the——- halves of each retina , stay on the same side

A

temporal

59
Q

Mention the layers of the lateral geniculate layers and what region they occupy

A

magnocellular(top 2) and parvocellular(lower 4) layers

60
Q

lateral geniculate nucleus project to the——-

A

visual cortex

61
Q

The magnocellular system processes information pertaining to—-,—- and——
-The parvocellular system processes information about—- and—-

A

movement ,texture ,stereoscopic vision

color ,high discrimination of forms and contours

62
Q

The Pigment cell layer of the retina extends into the—— layer and also convert ——-to ——-and deliver the——- form to the——

A

photoreceptor

all-trans-retinal

11-cis retinal

11-cis

photoreceptors

63
Q

Contents of Outer nuclear layer and inner nuclear layer

A

nuclei of photoreceptors

cell bodies of retinal interneurons including bipolar cells, horizontal cells,and amacrine cells

64
Q

Contents of the Outer plexiform layer and inner plexiform layer

A
  • synapses between receptor and bipolar,receptor and horizontal , horizontal and bipolar
  • Synapses between interneurons and ganglion cells.
65
Q

—— are the output cells of the retina.

A

Ganglion cells

66
Q

Axons of retinal ganglion cells form the——- layer

A

optic nerve

67
Q

The Retina Has 2 Types of Light Detectors. List them

A

Rods & Cones

68
Q

Rods detect——.

-Cones detect—-.

A

light and dark

Light and colors

69
Q

Which is more numerous in the eye. Rods or cones?

A

Rods

70
Q

light-sensitive pigments of the eye are ——— and —— derived from——

A

rhodopsin, iodopsin

vitamin A

71
Q

———joins outer and inner segment of rods and cones

A

connecting stalk/cilium

72
Q

inner segment of cones and rods have ———

A

mitochondria,golgi,ribosomes and endoplasmic reticulum

73
Q

Which has more rhodopsin. Rods or cones?

A

Rods

74
Q

Difference between the arrangement of pigmented discs of rods and cones

A

Rods-pigment discs stacked like pennies all the way to the base

Cones-pigment discs taper off toward the base

75
Q

membranes of discs of ———-are DISTINCT from the plasma membranewhile that of —— is continuous with the plasma membrane

A

Rods

Cones

76
Q

——- photoreceptors are Sensitive to dim light

A

Rods

77
Q

——-photoreceptors Respond to—- wavelengths (colors) but send only —— to the brain because they——-

A

Rods

ALL

“grey” information

can’t see color so everything is just shades of black white and grey

78
Q

——-photoreceptors are Not good for visual acuity

——-photoreceptors are good for visual acuity

A

Rods

Cones

79
Q

Cones are primarily concentrated in the——

A

fovea

80
Q

all-trans retinal’causes——- of rod

A

hyperpolarization

81
Q

The NT commonly used in the eye transmission is ———

A

Glutamate

82
Q

——- receptor of glutamate leads to depolarization while —— leads to hyperpolarization

A

Metabotropic

Ionotropic

83
Q

List the 3 photopsins you know and their maximum wavelength sensitivity

A

blue cones:maximum sensitivity at 455 nm

  • green cones:maximum sensitivity at 530nm
  • red cones:maximum sensitivity at 625nm
84
Q

Color blindness is most commonly due to mutation in —— cones

A

Red and green

85
Q

In light adaptation,——photoreceptors are inhibited. ——-photoreceptors are activated. rhodopsin in rods is ———. Pupil size ——

A

Rods

Cones

bleached out

Decrease

86
Q

In Dark adaptation——- photoreceptors begin to cease to be stimulated ;bleached out rods produce——-;———photoreceptors eventually take over in the dim light; pupils size ———

A

cones

rhodopsin

rods

Increase

87
Q

night blindness is also called ——

A

Nyctalopia

88
Q

night blindness is described as a deficiency in function of—— during——- situations

A

rods

dim-light

89
Q

The 3 types of cones can produce sensations of all the colors in the rainbow. T/F

A

T

90
Q

When rods or cones are struck by light, they produce a small——-

A

generator potential

91
Q

——- tract is the optic radiation of fibers from thalamus to cortex

A

geniculocalcarine

92
Q

primary visual cortex is found in which lobe of the cortex and which bodmann’s area?

A

Occipital lobe

Area 17

93
Q

List the 3 other brain areas that receive visual information and their function

A

superior colliculi for control of extrinsic eye muscles

pretectal nuclei - mediate pupillary light reflexes

suprachiasmatic nucleus of hypothalamus - circadian rhythmo

94
Q

Light impulses are mapped out in - dimensions on the occipital cortex and the Brain constructs a —-dimensional image from the sensory data

A

2

3-

95
Q

Nerve from Fovea centralis has a ——-on cortex than nerves from other parts of the retina

A

much larger area

96
Q

Hemianopia is ???

A

the loss of vision in half the visual field of one or both eyes.

97
Q

The superior colliculus is involved in light reflexes . T/F

A

T

98
Q

Pupil dilated or constructs when looking at a near object?

A

Constrict

99
Q

Light shone into one eye leads to how many pupils constricting???

A

2

100
Q

The afferent pathway for the light reflex is via the optic nerve to the ——-of the mid brain
-The efferent pathway is along parasympathetic fibers of——

A

pretectal region

C.N III

101
Q

In the light reflex, the pretectal nuclei stimulates both sides of the——— even though the light was only perceived in the right eye
-rt and left—— generate AP through the right and left CN 3 causing both pupil to constrict

A

edinger westphal nucleus

edinger westphal nucleus

PHG 203 (22 decks)

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